+THE COMPLEXITIES OF SECURE AND INSECURE ATTACHMENT – DO-IT-YOURSELF STUDY LINKS

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

One important point to realize about insecure attachment disorders is that in effect, our on-off switch governing our human relationships is not set right, or is nearly broken completely.  We rarely, if ever, truly feel safe, secure and connected to others.  This leaves us feeling pain and anxiety much of the time (Yes, we feel that Substance P).

A securely attached person does not have their attachment system ON all of the time.  It will turn on and off appropriately.  If an attachment system cannot turn itself on and off correctly, none of the other systems will work correctly, either (exploration, caregiving, sexuality).

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

In our ‘modern era’ humans seem tempted to believe we are above the rules and laws of nature.  We are not, and if enough of these rules and laws are breached early enough in our development, the ensuing trajectory of all our future development will be sent off into an unhealthy, survival-only-based for the short term, direction.

Our species has evolved over millions of years in such a way that there is a narrow margin for what is most needed for our best development.  As we change how we raise our children from an extended family, tribal and community base, we are placing ourselves and our children at ever increasing risk for suffering from insecure attachment disorders with all their accompanying disruptions for the life span.

What happened to my mother and my father in their earliest beginnings set in motion a chain of predictable consequences that culminated in the 18-year torturous childhood I endured.  They both had insecure attachment early histories with resulting insecure attachment disorders.  Those disorders let the dark rather than the sunshine in to my childhood.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

There is nothing easy about writing this post.  I am tempted to offer a blanket apology for the disarrayed information I am going to post links for you today.  What I WANT is polished, completed perfection.  What I WANT to present to you would look like the information contained in my October 1, 2009 post +CHILDHOOD DISSOCIATION, DEPERSONALIZATION, DEREALIZATION – I NEVER HAD A CHOICE TO BE OR NOT TO BE about the symptoms of childhood dissociation.

I was envious of those few succinct and perfectly chosen words that presented that information on Guidelines for the Evaluation and Treatment of Dissociative Symptoms in Children and Adolescents written by someone for the International Society for the Study of Dissociation.  Then I realized that these concepts were probably part of what could be called a White Paper.  They were no doubt an accumulation of multiple minds working on a problem that needed a solution, and what is presented is the result of a combined effort.

I had some friends when I lived in northern Minnesota who owned 40 acres of sugar maple trees.  Every spring when the sap began to run their entire family would participate in tapping the trees, collecting the sap, and boiling it down in huge vats until it turned into maple syrup.  It took 60 gallons of sap to create one gallon of syrup.

Thinking about secure and insecure attachment feels like a similar process to me.  I can’t begin to imagine the brilliant genius of the minds of the specialists who discover facts and write about the topic.  What I am presenting today is still — only — a collection of their words as I try to gather enough information, and go over it enough times, that I might begin to glimpse the critical significance of their work.

+++++++++++++++++++

Because the experiences of abuse and trauma I endured during the 18 years of my childhood were so extreme, my search of the ‘ordinary’ literature on ‘dysfunctional’ childhoods did not begin to answer my questions about what happened to me and why.  These links I present today contain what I KNOW is critical information about what put both of my parents at risk for turning into monsters.

In order to begin to understand the life of a tree I would not simply study the tip of the topmost and outermost branches.  To understand the bigger picture I would have to study the whole tree, down to the deepest roots that keep it standing in the sky.  I am not content to rely simply on such terms as ‘mental illness’ or ‘Borderline Personality Disorder’ to describe what I might be able to learn about my mother.  I am not content to simply label my father ‘an enabler’.  Who my parents were, why and how they operated the way that they did toward me, I will never actually know.

Attachment research gives me the clearest and most correct platform I have ever found from which I can begin to understand — and therefore begin to apply informed compassion — to the criminal actions my parents took against me.  It also helps me to understand the most important consequences caused by their actions toward me, and helps me learn how to transform them.

+++++++++++++++++++

Even a quick but dedicated quick scanning of the words contained in the following links will have the capacity to change how you look at yourself, your parents, your relationships.  These words are about how early caregiver interactions — good and bad — form the brain-mind.  It is from the foundation of these early beginnings that all future development of an individual arises, in the same way that all the future growth of a tree begins with the cracking of a fertile seed and the growth down of roots and up of its trunk and branches.

The very bare-bones layout of the information in the links covers the difference between secure attachment (about 55% of our population) and insecure attachment (the other 45%).  Most researchers use one set of words to describe the insecure attachment disorder in infants and another for adults related to the exact same patterns.  I see no reason to do this.  What exists in infancy as a disordered attachment remains for a lifetime unless some specific interventions and applied efforts are made toward trying to change the hard-wiring of the infant brain as it was built in the first place so that it becomes more ‘secure’ later in life.

There are breakdowns within the category of insecure attachment that cover what happens to the 45% of people who have less than an optimal early caregiver brain building interaction period in their infancy.  My guesstimate is that about one-third of this 45% fit into each of the following three main categories.

— There are two ‘organized’ insecure attachment disorders/patterns/systems = Avoidant-Dismissive Insecure Attachment and Preoccupied-Ambivalent Insecure Attachment.   The important word here is ORGANIZED, which is in contrast to the third insecure attachment disorder which is NOT organized.

— This is the disorganized  insecure attachment disorder/pattern/system known as the  – Disorganized-Disoriented Insecure Attachment.  Serious dissociation occurs within this group as well as many of the more serious so-called mental illnesses.

There are at least two other attachment categories that may or may not be recognized in the future as having enough merit on their own to remain distinguished from any of the above categories.  They are the ‘earned secure attachment‘ and the ‘cannot classify insecure attachment‘ groupings.

+++++++++++++++++++

I hope that readers will find something useful in these links.  I am a long, long way from coming up with my own version of a simple, clear and succinct ‘white’ paper. What appears in italics in these links are my own words as I processed these technical writings as I read them.

The main references you will find in these links are as follows as they match my codes for citation page numbers (you will also occasionally find a page number inserted in the middle of some paragraphs to note where in a sentence the page number changed):

Siegel/tdm = The Developing Mind: Toward a Neurobiology of Interpersonal Experience by Daniel J. Siegel

Schore/ad = Affect Dysregulation and Disorders of the Self by Allan N. Schore

Schore/ar = Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development by Allan N. Schore

+++++++++++++++++++

These writings contain many unfamiliar words.  If you are scanning only, skip them.  Or, do a quick Google search using “Webster define _____.”

I believe that the more traumatic a reader’s childhood was, the more they will benefit from gaining an understanding of this information.   It will improve understanding on a more profound level about what happened to their own self development and the development of their early caregivers.  (I need to specify here that I can make no assumptions about how sexual abuse fits into the picture of secure and insecure attachments.  That is not a part of my story, and I cannot and do not make any statements about it.)

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+I BEGAN TO WRITE ABOUT MY FATHER AND ENDED UP WRITING ABOUT EVIL

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Whenever I try to think through my father’s role in our family, I seem to come back around, again and again, to one thing:  He did his job.  He worked as hard as any man possibly could to support us.  He was not a financial deadbeat dad, and he did not abandon us.

This is important.  When I look at these early California pictures I see that we looked like the perfect family.  Gorgeous parents, gorgeous kids, nice houses.  Our family did not fit the poverty stricken profile, even though my parents’ later decisions including homesteading, continual moving, and addition of more children to the family left us with thin resources that certainly placed us on the ‘poorer’ end of the spectrum in terms of food we ate and clothes we wore.  But we did not starve.  While we usually lived in over crowded conditions, we had a roof over our heads.  When push came to shove, somebody went to the doctor.

I think about my mother’s home of origin where past the age of 5, after my mother’s father lost everything in the stock market crash of 1929 and her mother divorced him, it was my educated, motivated and capable grandmother who consistently worked to support herself and her children.  I tie two factors together when I think about how utterly incapable my mother was throughout her lifetime of being able to financially support herself.  If our financial care had been left entirely to my mother as a single mother I know for a fact we would have been in terrible, dire trouble.

I have no way to verify any facts that lie behind the stories I heard growing up about my father’s childhood.  Supposedly my father had been a late, unwanted child.  He was ignored by his mother and raised nearly exclusively by his older sister, Olive.  My mother for some reason despised Olive, and I heard thousands of times in my childhood how much I looked and acted like her.

Right before my father’s brain surgery in the fall of 1990 he came through Albuquerque, New Mexico where I was attending graduate school and my sister had lived for many years.  He was on a mission to return to his childhood home in Holbrook, Arizona in an effort to sadly retrieve some connection to his own self and his own past that had been denied to him during his marriage to my hate filled mother who had demanded that my father disown his family of origin.

On that trip my father told me about his mother that during his childhood remained at home and never left the house except when absolutely necessary to procure goods necessary for survival.  She had no friends and she talked to no one.  My father’s father worked mostly out of town, went through three bankruptcies and died of alcoholism (as eventually did both his only brother and his sister).

My father’s description of his mother was that she might have been severely depressed.  If she had been in that state around the time of his birth and throughout his childhood, my father would have no doubt been forced to develop what is called an avoidant-dismissive attachment disorder.  Most simply put, this means that his brain was never formed to include enough of the right kinds of emotional information to develop a strong, clear healthy self, or to have a strong, clear healthy relationship with anybody else.

The avoidant-dismissive insecure attachment disorders can easily create depressed offspring.  Those same early deprivation experiences with early caregivers can also easily create Narcissistic Personality Disorder offspring.  In order for NPD to develop, I believe other malevolent factors have to exist besides emotional, psychological and mental neglect.  I don’t believe those more malevolent factors existed for my childhood father.  I think he suffered from not being wanted, and therefore from neglect.  In the end, he was anything BUT narcissistic.  I never knew my father to do a single selfish thing — unless ignoring me fit that category.

That made him a perfect fit for my mother, who intuitively would have known, unconsciously, from the first moment she met my father that he would never, ever overwhelm her emotionally.  And he didn’t.  My father’s brain-mind had been created to simply automatically know how to flip inner switches in its circuitry so that he could still function rather than being overwhelmed himself.  He could compartmentalize and dissociate from stimuli coming at him from all directions and still carry an incredibly heavy load on his back as he trudged down the road of his life while his children grew up and his wife abused him.

++++

This morning I woke up from dreams I could not remember with the image of my father carrying the load of the world upon his back like the mythological Atlas.  Atlas was one of the Classical Gods of Ancient Greece, God of Weightlifting and Heavy Burdens.  If the psychologist, Carl Jung, ever identified a human archetype related to the aspects of this god, my father lived that archetype.  When I woke this morning I saw my father in the role of being a work horse tied into the traces of trying to provide for his family.  He was more like a heavily burdened mule than a man.  And because nobody in his early life had probably ever cared about his emotional or physical well being, being able to care for his own or his childrens’ later on was probably just about impossible for him to do.

Meanwhile, my father took on the work not only of fulfilling a demanding professional profession but also took on his Alaskan lifestyle duties as described frequently in my mother’s letters.  He looks in his pictures to be gaunt and exhausted most of the time.  My father never once in his lifetime abandoned the financial care of my mother, and I don’t think she was able to ever know how fortunate she was, and I don’t think she ever appreciated what my father gave to her.  Those inabilities were simply another extension of her mental illness.

The disorganized-disoriented insecure attachment disorder my mother developed in her early childhood manifested as a severe mental illness which was, though unnamed, just another of the heavy burdens my father shouldered and lived with.  Because my mother had 6 children to ‘raise’ it seemed mostly obvious that she would not be the one to financially support the family in any way.  In that era of time, it was mostly common for men to work outside the home and mothers to remain in the home, anyway.  Those roles were rarely questioned.  But if my father had ever reneged on his own obligations that he assumed, I know for a fact our mother could have in no way filled his provider shoes.  We would have starved and frozen to death if that part of our care had been in the hands of my mother.

++++

The family stories about my father’s childhood also included reference to the ‘fact’ that he was a shy child, and by the time he was in 8th grade he was obese and had no friends.  How did the young man who was to become my father respond to the persuasive, seductive charms of the gorgeous young woman who was to be my mother when he met her?  They met through my mother’s brother, who was my father’s university roommate, and were married six months later.  Did he see all hell breaking lose from the start?  Was it a gradual process?

My parents were living in their third Los Angeles house by the time I was four.  My mother berated my father for not being motivated enough to care for the yard at the Atchinson house causing their eviction.  They bought a house in Altadena and only lived in it a brief time before they left that one and bought the one in Pasadena.  I have come to wonder because other people have questioned it, whether it was because of my mother’s rage attacks on tiny me that created a stir in the neighborhoods they lived in so that my parents simply moved out and moved on.  It’s entirely possible that is what happened.

I know that whatever happened during my mother’s labor with me created a fundamental psychotic break in her mind as she believed the devil sent me to kill her and that I was the devil’s child sent as a curse upon her life.  How did that psychosis appear to my father?  To my mother’s mother?  I believe my mother was insane enough, clever enough, and narcissistic enough to preserve her own survival by hiding her feelings about me from everyone around her.  She know how to play the perfect part of being the perfect charming wife, homemaker and mother.  She had her disguises and she chose to use them well.  She had that capacity.

I think about all the Trickster legends in old and traditional lore and legend.  My mother appeared to be an expert at switching in and out of mental and mood states depending upon what environment she was in and on who she was trying to fool.  I think my mother kept my father spinning around and around and around so that putting one foot in front of the other as he hauled his heavy burden with him was all that he could do.  Of the thousand things that were wrong with his life noticing what was wrong with me was so NOT his priority that it never happened at all.  That is what my mother intended, and my mother never missed her mark.

++++

I believe that in most cases all forms of insecure attachment disorders and their resulting so-called mental illnesses progress throughout a lifetime, and their ability to change or even identify what is wrong deteriorates accordingly.  As I grew older both my father and my mother were becoming sicker and sicker.  The more vicious, demanding and mean my mother became, the more fragmented, dissociated and compartmentalized my father’s brain-mind-self must have become to adapt to her.  I do believe that my father took the easiest route out regarding his daughter, Linda.  My mother fed him a poisoned apple regarding my innate badness, and he ate and swallowed it.  I believe that he came to believe my mother.  He ate her bait, ‘hook, line and sinker’.

It is an odd paradox to me that my father seemed to be so emotionally and mentally weak and vulnerable against the evil hatred my mother was toward me.  The more pressure she put on him the more he caved.  My mother did not want my father to love her mortal sworn enemy, Linda.  She used every power she possessed to make her wish come true.  My father, who could carry every one of the other thousand burdens in his life chose not to think or feel for himself regarding me.  I believe my father ‘learned’ not to question my mother regarding me.  Somewhere along the time-line of being my father and his wife’s husband, he gave up and gave in.

++++

The worst thing that could have happened did happen.  My father came to believe my mother’s lies about Linda.  Once that happened, I believe that my father believed that ‘if only’ Linda were not a part of his family life would be better.  He certainly had a perfected ability through his insecure attachment disorder to dismiss and avoid not only me as his child, but evidently any possible thought that my mother and he were either wrong in their thinking or their actions – and in his case, particularly his inactions.  I was doomed.  I would have been better off one or both of them had simply taken me out and shot me.

So my commenter was right that my father’s difficulties in taking the life of a moose meant nothing compared to his treatment of me.  My difficulties in seeing this and knowing this fact originated in 18 years of living under conditions controlled by my mother’s hatred of me and of my father believing her.  I was also fed my mother’s poisoned apple.  I look at these early pictures of baby me, and I can’t put the ‘1 + 1 together’ and come up with 2.  I seem to auger myself deeper and deeper in self loathing as I blame and fault myself that I cannot seem to face the truth about my childhood.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

I believe I need to let my thinking wander into an area that I have only one single time seriously considered.  As I describe in +THE MOST IMPORTANT LETTER I’VE EVER WRITTEN – WHEN I DISOWNED MY MOTHER, the only way I was ever able to severe my faulty connection to my mother was when I could consider that evil was present in my childhood.  Never since that time have I allowed myself to consider that thought.

What happens if I can allow myself to add in one more factor into the equation of my childhood?  What happens if I allow myself to understand that evil is not only real, but that it permeated my entire childhood and was present in all the interactions I had with BOTH my mother and my father?  What happens if I say that I was raised in an environment filled with evil, and that both my parents participated in it?

Inside my body I can feel something happening with these thoughts.  I can feel myself separating from the group of others that were my siblings.  At can see it happening inside my body.  Like separating one dull penny from a group of five shiny ones, I am scooped away from them and left isolated and completely alone to suffer consequences that none of them – and this is my truth – cannot ever possibly imagine.

And this is the truth of what happened to me.  I was culled out of the Lloyd children flock because I was evil.  My mother believed that because I was not human, and that because I was the devil’s child, I had the innate power to take my siblings to the devil.  I had the power to contaminate and ruin them, just as I, myself, was ruined.  When I am off by myself in the family photographs, or when I am completely missing from the pictures, it was because I was being held hostage by an evil that I was told existed AS me – not IN me – but AS me.

Thousands and thousands of times that happened in my childhood.  My siblings so grew up in that environment of evil that they could not question it.  The powers of my mother’s brainwashing affected everyone.  That it affected my father is the crime.

I always want to say that I don’t know what evil is, therefore how can I believe in it?  That is a lie.  Yes, I do know what evil is.  At least the part of it that affected every part of me as a child growing up a victim of my mother’s psychosis.  Am I afraid of evil?  Yes, of course I am.  Do I think if I ignore even thinking about evil that I am somehow protected from its powers?  Yes, I think that.

++++

At this point of being willing to allow myself to think in terms of evil in my childhood, I can feel my skin and everything inside of it tighten up as if I have crashed through the ice on some vast frozen lake and fallen into icy water that I might never be able to get out of again.  I can feel my blood curdling like sour milk, and perhaps it won’t be able to flow through my heart.  I want to know, “Is there some invisible dam that does its job of keeping evil out of human lives?”  If there is, something broke through that dam in my mother’s brain-mind and evil rushed into her life and swallowed me up.  It swallowed my mother.  It swallowed my father.  But I, as their child, paid the price of suffering while they seemed oblivious.

If God is Love, which I believe He/She is, then the absence of God is not love.  In a topsy-turvy world of blurred boundaries about what is right and what is wrong, about what is love and what is hate, there I place my mother and that blurred boundary is where her Borderline was.  She crossed it with me.  She not only did not love me, she hated me, and she never wavered from that decision, whenever and wherever and however she made it.  If it happened as a result of a psychotic break while she was delivering me, it happened without her conscious thought.  But once she made her decision that I was her mortal enemy, evil consumed my mother toward me.

I could see it in her eyes when she attacked me.  I could feel it in her being toward me all the rest of the time.  She was turned, again like sour milk.  Once soured, milk cannot be returned to its sweet, good state.  Something rotten does not reverse its course and have its better life returned to it.  All that was sour and rotten within my mother was so thoroughly projected out onto me that her beliefs about me grew themselves into my brain, body and mind.

My father, whether he knew it or not, was her assistant.  He helped her.  He believed her.  He stood by her against me every time he knew what she did to me and did nothing to help me.  He took her side.  He stood by her side.  And by doing so he kept open all the flood gates that allowed evil to exist in his home and in his life as it tortured his daughter, me.

++++

I cannot find it within myself to think at this moment in any other way but to say, it was all a tragedy.  When I look at the definition and origin and relationships of words surrounding tragedy, I see that it’s about the downfall off a man – or a woman.  It’s related to ‘goat’ and to ‘ode’.  There are ancient stories contained within the human race, repeated patterns that happen within our species over and over again.  I was the sacrificial goat in my family – yes, the scapegoat.  But the bigger story, the ancient story was about the interactions between people who are ‘fallen down’ and who involve others, even their children, in this down-falling process.

Yet where does the ‘ode’ fit in?  How is it that I, the sacrificed child, be the one to sing the ode now, the “lyric poem usually marked by exaltation of feeling?”  I see at this moment an image of the Titanic going down with my parents on it.  But I escaped.  I did not go down with them.

I am the one doing this writing.  I am the one that takes a break from these words and goes outside to sit in the sun and listen to the contented chirping of the birds around me.  I just watched a cream colored butterfly with purple spots land on a cream colored pansy with purple spots that I brought into my life.  I am the one who has always, from the time of my earliest beginnings, allayed the power of the darkness that surrounded me.

The Dine people (known as Navajo) use a greeting infused with the idea of living, breathing, and walking in beauty.  I was born with that gift.  I have never lost it.  I have never laid it down and walked away from it.  Nothing has ever removed it from me.  Nothing has that power over me.  Even the name my parents gave me, Linda, is infused with the concept of ‘beauty’, though evidently in its origins it is also tied to the concept of ‘serpent’.

Whatever the role I was forced to play in the trauma drama of my parents’ lives, on my innermost levels I escaped unscathed.  I am no more tarnished by the evil present in their lives than I would be if I was that butterfly or that pansy.  It is on the equally real physiological level, however, of my brain-mind-body that my early and ongoing childhood tortures changed me.  It is with those very real changes that I must live with today no matter what I believe about my parents.

++++

I did not start off knowing I was going to end up today writing about evil.  Yet now I am thinking about another ancient story about Medusa, the snake-haired monster who could not be looked at directly because doing so would turn a person to stone.  Perhaps it is by looking into the mirror of my father as he was in relationship to her that I can better see the monster image of my mother.  Or maybe it was that he looked at my monster mother directly and was himself turned into stone.  So what is it about me that feels a twang of guilt if I think, “Better him than me?”

After all, whose ode am I singing?  If I keep on my own side of the Borderline, I know it is mine and not either one of my parents’.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+SUBSTANCE P – IT’S OUR BODY’S BIOLOGICAL LINK TO FEELING EMOTIONAL AND PHYSICAL PAIN

+++++++++++++++++

What do we know about pain?  What do we know about the connection between physical and emotional pain responses in the body and brain?

It took me many months of online research before I finally came up with what links our physical and emotional pain responses (and our pain thresholds) together.  I found it in

SUBSTANCE P — a small peptide (protein) released upon stimulation in the nervous system and involved in regulation of the pain threshold.  Substance P (P = pain) works the same in our body whether we have a broken bone or a broken heart.

I’m not sure it helps when we HURT from any pain to say to ourselves, “Oh, that pain is just me feeling Substance P.”  But it might help to realize more clearly that there is a direct and definable link between our ability to experience emotional and/or physical pain in our body-brain.  Emotional distress, including sadness, loneliness and anxiety,  is as real a pain in our body as is any physical pain we can ever experience.

And when terrible physical and emotional pain was forced upon us from early child abuse and neglect experiences, I believe the entire balance of how all these complex pain response systems in our body is altered for the rest of our lifetime.

And I also find it fascinating that Substance P is connected to our ‘puke center’.  In our early evolving brain-mind, what was toxic needed to be vomited out ASAP for our continued survival.  As we became increasingly complex beings, we eventually could not puke out mental, emotional and psychological toxins, poisons and traumas.  We had to find ways to endure in spite of them.

(Epigenetic changes are one of the ways we do this – see yesterday’s post.  These changes have a lot to do with where so-called ‘mental illness’ comes from.)

Substance P is connected to our immune system.  That doesn’t surprise me one single bit.  It is intimately involved with maintenance of our well-being – including the healing of all of our wounds.  Once we truly accept the fact that emotional wounds ARE physical wounds, I believe we can better get on with the business of healing.

+++++++++++++++++

Substance P has effects on mood, memory and sleep, and has been implicated in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

It is involved with depression and the actions of antidepressant drugs.

Substance P is involved with sadness.

Substance P is also involved with anxiety and stress responses and disorders.

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

FULL ARTICLE (abstract below) CAN BE PURCHASED ONLINE OR ORDERED IN FROM A LIBRARY:

Psychol Bull. 2007 Nov;133(6):1007-37

Substance P at the nexus of mind and body in chronic inflammation and affective disorders.

Rosenkranz MA.

Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI 53705, USA. marosenk@wisc.edu

For decades, research has demonstrated that chronic diseases characterized by dysregulation of inflammation are particularly susceptible to exacerbation by stress and emotion. Likewise, rates of depression and anxiety are overrepresented in individuals suffering from chronic inflammatory disease. In recent years, substance P has been implicated in both the pathophysiology of inflammatory disease and the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety by 2 parallel fields of study.

This review integrates the literature from these 2 parallel fields and examines the possibility that substance P dysregulation may be a point of convergence underlying the overlap of chronic inflammatory disease and mood and anxiety disorders.

First, the involvement of substance P in peripheral inflammation and in the immune events associated with chronic inflammatory disease is discussed, with a focus on inflammatory bowel disease and asthma.

Next, the function of substance P in the communication of peripheral inflammation to the brain is considered.

Finally, to complete the bidirectional loop of brain-immune interactions, substance P expression in anxiety and depression as well as its potential role in the neural regulation of peripheral inflammation is reviewed.

PMID: 17967092 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE]

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

From Wickipedia:

In the field of neuroscience, substance P (SP) is a neuropeptide….that functions as a neurotransmitter and as a neuromodulator.[1][2] It belongs to the tachykinin neuropeptide family. Substance P and its closely related neuropeptide neurokinin A (NKA) ….Substance P is released from the terminals of specific sensory nerves, it is found in the brain and spinal cord, and is associated with inflammatory processes and pain.

Function

Substance P is an important element in pain perception. The sensory function of substance P is thought to be related to the transmission of pain information into the central nervous system. Substance P coexists with the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate in primary afferents that respond to painful stimulation.[11] SP has been associated with the regulation of mood disorders, anxiety, stress,[12] reinforcement,[13] neurogenesis,[14] respiratory rhythm,[15] neurotoxicity, nausea/emesis,[16] pain and nociception.[17] Substance P and other sensory neuropeptides can be released from the peripheral terminals of sensory nerve fibers in the skin, muscle and joints. It is proposed that this release is involved in neurogenic inflammation which is a local inflammatory response to certain types of infection or injury.[18] …. Substance P receptor antagonists may have important therapeutic applications in the treatment of a variety of stress-related illnesses, in addition to their potential as analgesics.

Vomiting

The vomiting center in the brainstem contains high concentrations of substance P and its receptor, in addition to other neurotransmitters such as choline, histamine, dopamine, serotonin, and opioids. Their activation stimulates the vomiting reflex. Different emetic pathways exist, and substance P/NK1R appears to be within the final common pathway to regulate vomiting.[19] Substance P antagonist (SPA) aprepitant is available in the market in the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea / emesis.

Pain

Substance P is involved in nociception, transmitting information about tissue damage from peripheral receptors to the central nervous system to be converted to the sensation of pain. It has been theorized that it plays a part in fibromyalgia.

Cell growth

Substance P has been known to stimulate cell growth in culture,[20] and it was shown that Substance P could promote wound healing of non-healing ulcers in humans.[21] It has also been shown to reverse diabetes in mice.[22][23]

Vasodilation

Substance P also has effects as a potent vasodilator. ….As is typical with many vasodilators, it also has bronchoconstrictive properties, administered through the non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nervous system (branch of the vagal system)

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+WHY I SHARE THESE PIECES OF WHO I AM NOW — BECAUSE I COULDN’T THEN?

+++++++++++++++++++++

HERE ARE SOME LINKS TO NEWLY UPLOADED PHOTOGRAPHS FROM MY CHILDHOOD:

+++++++++++++++++++++

*Age 10 – Picture of my brother John and me

+++++++++++++++++++++

*Age 3 – 3 children with grandmother, closeup of me and grandmother

1955 Linda closeup with grandmother in front of the Glendora, (L.A.) house before Alaska - I was 3
1955 Linda closeup with grandmother in front of the Glendora, (L.A.) house before Alaska – I was 3

+++++++++++++++++++++

*1959 – The jeep road leading from Eagle River road into the valley

*1959 – Children in the homestead snow

+++++++++++++++++++++

*1960 – Precious picture dad, John, Cindy, Sharon and a wheelbarrow of seed for the fields

(I wish I was part of the family in this picture — where was I for this big event?)

+++++++++++++++++++++

*1960 (circa) Mom planting the fields

*1962 – Log house nursery

*1963 – June 11 – Family Portrait

+++++++++++++++++++++

*1963 5 kids and mom by cabin (possibly on trip to Santa Fe)

1963 just turned 12 -- and so sad -- I KNOW this sadness, it's rarely ever left me it was so made a part of who I am in this body.
1963 — I had just turned 12 — and so sad — I KNOW this sadness, it has rarely ever left me. Sadness was built into my body from the time of my birth. This is what it looked like when I was nearing the threshold to cross into my womanhood.

+++++++++++++++++++++

*1965 – Tucson rented house on Hawthorne St.

*1967 (circa) Dad and the red Toyota

*Adding wood ends onto the Jamesway (circa 1968?)

+++++++++++++++++++++

*Poem my father wrote to my mother

*Two pictures of Bill and Mildred together

+++++++++++++++++++++

*My Childhood Guardian Angel on the Mountain Top

It was to this mountain and to this land that I formed a secure attachment.  It was this place, this land and all that lived and moved and breathed on and around it that I loved.  This place was the heart of my heart, and this Angel on the Mountain was the heart of my heart’s heart.

My Angel on the Mountain.  She has her wings spread out to her sides, her long white gown draping over the mountain.  Her head is tipped slightly to her right.  She has a halo.  I could never as a child imagine anything or anyone more beautiful.  If my mother had imaginary friends, and me her imaginary enemy -- if she was completely mixed up on who and what was real, and could not tell her children from her dolls of play ----  WELL perhaps who am I but my mother's daughter -- because I HAD an angel, not a pretend angel, not an imaginary angel -- I HAD AN ANGEL.  She was MY angel.  Right there on that mountain top.
My Angel on the Mountain. She has her wings spread out to her sides, her long white gown draping over the mountain. Her head is tipped slightly to her right. She has a halo. I could never as a child imagine anything or anyone more beautiful. If my mother had imaginary friends, and me her imaginary enemy — if she was completely mixed up on who and what was real, and could not tell her children from her dolls of play —- WELL perhaps who am I but my mother’s daughter — because I HAD an angel, not a pretend angel, not an imaginary angel — I HAD AN ANGEL. She was MY angel. Right there on that mountain top.

+++++++++++++++++++++

This is just a picture, and a poor one at that, my mother took of some old trapper's cabin.  But I look at it, and I think, "If I could step into that place, and still have access to people I love, I would be in the closest thing to heaven I can imagine on this earth."  Yet, at the same time, I don't think heaven is more than a passing flash here on earth -- whatever it is, I think (and hope) it comes later.
This is just a picture, and a poor one at that, my mother took of some old trapper's cabin. But I look at it, and I think, "If I could step into that place, and still have access to people I love, I would be in the closest thing to heaven I can imagine on this earth." Yet, at the same time, I don't think heaven is more than a passing flash here on earth -- whatever it is, I think (and hope) it comes later.

+THE MOST IMPORTANT LETTER I’VE EVER WRITTEN – WHEN I DISOWNED MY MOTHER

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

After these pages and their links are posted here, I am going outside to recreate my flower beds.  I made a special 50-mile round trip to a town near here to buy flowers last evening.  It will never cease to please me that I can actually recreate flower beds now, in mid October, with flowers that will last until spring, even if they have to slow down their growth and blooming during the ‘colder’ months of our Arizona high desert winter.

This reminds me of how so much of my life is like tending a garden, trying to rid myself of weeds, changing with the seasons.  Now, if I can learn how to see the re-creation of myself as recreation rather than being a chore, I could definitely have more fun with this whole process!

Celebrate the seasons.  I try to do that.  Sometimes it’s just a little harder to celebrate the seasons of my soul.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

POST AND THE LETTER AND JOURNAL ENTRIES LINKED TO HERE ABOUT MY DISOWNING MY MOTHER

MAY TRIGGER — PLEASE BE CAREFUL OF YOURSELF!

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Once I completed my process of disowning my mother I never went back on it.  I never spoke to her again [she died in 2002] , and only saw her like the flash of some fading shadow as she entered my father’s hospital room after his disastrous surgery in Alaska the fall of 1990 and instantly turned and left.

I did not find this letter I wrote disowning my mother among the few of my letters she had saved that were with her other papers.  I went searching for my copy of this letter because I knew I had made and kept one.  I also found my journal entries for the days surrounding the writing and the mailing of this letter and they are included below the letter itself in the following link.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

*Age 36 – My May 10, 1988 Letter Disowning My Mother

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

I am including this link to the letters I wrote my mother in the year prior to my disowning her.  These ones she saved, and I found them among her papers.  They provide a context and a contrast to what eventually followed their writing — my ‘disownment’ of my mother.

As I read these later letters, I can see how much healthier and happier I was overall than I was at age 20 — but boy, did I go through a LOT in those ensuing 15 years!  What I see NOW, another 20+ years down the road of my life, is that my entire self was organized and oriented around being a mother.

When my baby left home nearly six years ago I suffered a crash I could NEVER have imagined — and I HOPE I am rebounding (very slowly) now though I still feel like whatever SELF I had when I wrote these letters was crushed nearly beyond recognition or retrieval once the major self-organization factor of being a full-time mother vanished.

Perhaps in part because being the best mother I could be (as a counteraction to my mother’s treatment of her children) occupied so much focus for me, and because I didn’t really have much of a SELF to start with thanks to my mother, being a mother myself put me in ‘orbit’ around the ‘sun’ that my children were to my existence for 35 years.

Did my organizing-orienting sun explode or implode when my children left home?  That’s sure what it STILL feels like to me.  I believe that if I had been able to develop a clear, strong and healthy SELF in the right way during the right developmental stages, that ‘crash’ would have been a minuscule fraction of what it has turned out to be for me.  I will be extremely grateful until the moment I leave this world that I was able to let my children go — and take their wonderful selves with them.  I did not create a trauma bond with my children.  I am completely clear that any problems I have in dealing with them being gone are my own to deal with and have nothing to do with them.

++++

How many times in a lifetime do ‘ordinary’ people reinvent themselves?  Again — and still — I have no ‘ordinary’ points for comparison.

*Ages 35 – 36 – My 1987 Letters to My Mother

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+SO TANGLED UP IN LIES – MY AGE 20 LETTERS ‘HOME’

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

It does me no good to be embarrassed, humiliated or ashamed of the young 20 year old woman I was when I wrote these letters that my mother saved among her papers all these years.  They show me how powerfully effective dissociation is to survival.  I simply found a way to invent a ‘self’ and a life using whatever spare parts of a mind-self I found lying around once I left my home of origin.

As I comment at the end of the second letter, the left brain has amazing abilities to fabricate realities that, if never challenged by the right brain, the body memory brain, the higher cortex or a clear, strong and healthy self, simply appear to be THE reality of a person’s life.  I could not see that everything I had ever known about my life was a sham — and a shame.

I had created an entire semblance of some kind of life already by the time I was 20.  I had left home, entered the Navy (from Alaska) , gone through training (Baltimore and San Diego), gotten pregnant, out of the Navy (Rhode Island and back to San Diego) , endured a pregnancy, a terrible and traumatic delivery that nearly killed me, and the first 6 months of my daughter’s life alone, moved to San Francisco, married the father in Honolulu, moved to Sacramento and then to Ohio, spent time with my husband, done drugs, quit doing drugs, separated from my husband and was about to move to Fargo, North Dakota — all in two-and-a-half years.  I had a dissociated life — but by golly, the body that I was living in had survived all of it and kept on going.  My poor self?  Lost.  My poor mind?  Doing the best it could do to make sense of any of it.

I would say, “Don’t bother reading these letters,” but “Who am I to say?”

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

*Age 20 – My March 7, 1972 letter to my parents

*Age 20 – My May 1, 1972 letter to my mother

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+THINKING ABOUT THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT – MY REVIEW OF ‘THE GLASS CASTLE’, A BOOK I HAVE NEVER READ

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Differences between Child Abuse and Neglect

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

I am going to pretend this morning that I am critiquing a book.  “All things are possible under the sun,” and like performing surgery on an invisible patient I am going to express my thoughts about a book I have never read.

My sister told me about this book last night in our telephone conversation.  She first heard about it while operating her used book store in Ballard (Seattle).  Customers coming up to her seeking information asked over and over again, “Where can I find the book written by that woman who was abused when she was a girl?”

“What book is that?” my sister wondered.  So she found herself a copy and eventually read it.  Perhaps you have read it, too.

++++

The Glass Castle: A Memoir by Jeannette Walls

(1,311 customer reviews)

++++

So am I writing today about the book and its story, or am I just writing about what my sister told me about the book from her ‘take’ of it?  Well, a little of both, I guess.  Will I ever read the book?  I’m truthfully not at all sure.   I make it a polished habit not to read anything while I am engrossed in my own story hunting and writing because I do not wish to contaminate my thinking.

Perhaps I have a strange attitude, but it is born from knowing some important information about myself and about how “I” and my brain-mind operate.  Because I have suffered from dissociation ever since I was a very tiny child, and because I now know this, I understand that my brain-mind can put whole batches of information places I do not know about – most, if not all of the time.

I do not want to be writing away while I am in one dissociated state or another and have whole conglomerations of thoughts pop into my sphere of consciousness when I am not aware it is happening, or aware of where the information is coming from.

My sister assures me that because my-our story is so different from Walls’, and because my writing style is so different from hers, this should never be a problem for me even if I DO read her book.  But I lack my sister’s confidence.

So I am left today with thoughts bubbling around beneath the surface of my thoughts today coming from my sister’s description of the story printed on this book’s pages.

++++

I know neither me nor my siblings have anything like a corner on the market about what it is like to grow up with a crazy parent.  Walls evidently has us beat.  She grew up with two of them.  But my siblings and I can be assured that we are also closer to belonging to the eclectic group of nutty parent survivorship than we are to being a part of the ‘close to ordinary’ or ‘ordinary’ childhood survivor group even though our story, and particularly my story, is about severe child abuse rather than mostly about the kind of child neglect Walls describes.

Yet what my sister reiterated several times last night in her conversation with me about this book is that the public does not seem to understand that there is a fundamental difference between being neglected as a child growing up and being abused.  Walls’ did not seem to suffer from abuse, no matter how neglectful and nutty her parents were.  She and her siblings were obviously seriously deprived of an ‘ordinary’ childhood experience, and suffered from severe deprivation due to neglect, but these children-people were evidently not abused as children the way my sister and I understand child abuse.  Not even close.

From my sister’s description of this book, it sounds as though at one point or another one or the other of Walls’ parents were lucid.  It also sounds like Walls’ parents were able to (1) love them and (2) not commit ‘soul murder’ on them.  Because it is the very early infant and very young childhood growth windows concerned with loving secure attachment that build the foundation of the developing brain, ANYONE who has any kind of safe and secure attachment to loving early caregivers is off to a running start from the beginning of their lives.

This running start allows fundamental brain structures, patterns, and brain circuits to form themselves in an adequate way so that they will continue to operate during all the ensuing time that little person experiences the events of their ongoing childhood.  Without these relatively dependable positive early caregiver interactions the infant-child’s brain will not be based on ‘ordinary’ benevolent world information.  This fact creates a situation where the growing child is left to play an entirely different ball game, with entirely different rules, on an entirely different playing field than any relatively safe and securely attached brain-mind child will ever know.

++++

The quality of these very early attachments determines how a young child can bond and attach to siblings as well as to parents.  Walls and her siblings were evidently attached to one another.  It sounds as though the very youngest child was left bereft of the sustenance of the attachment to her siblings, and was also left under the care of parents whose mental illnesses caused further and further deterioration of their brain-minds.  She did not turn out so well.

Walls’ story sounds entertaining, mesmerizing, fascinating, titillating, if not entrancing.  Yet while it sounds like a story of terrible neglect and madness, of starvation and deprivation, it is not the story of terrorism that my and my siblings’ story is.  I don’t think the Walls children were raised in hostile enemy territory or brutalized by acts of parental terrorism.

I believe that because the root of my mother’s mental illness was established in a childhood dissociative disorder, and because her mental illness originated in disoriented and disorganized insecure attachment conditions, and because what grew into her brain-mind and out into the way she lived her life caused her children to be projections of my mother’s fragile imaginary friendship – and in my case her imaginary enemy – needs, none of us stood any chance of developing our self as we “grew down into the world” in any ordinary fashion.  This is created for the Lloyd children a very different reality than the one the Walls children evidently grew up in.

Walls’ story sounds like it expresses living madness, but it  does not sound like her parents were terrorists.  We as a nation now clearly know what terrorist actions are like from the experience of the events from the September 11, 2001 attack on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.  Those acts of terrorism were different than any that might be taken in a military combat situation against trained troops sent directly into a war zone.  9/11 devastated innocent civilians.

Terrorism penetrated the boundaries of our nation and overtook the boundaries of everyone who was attacked and left dead or devastated – on every level.  This attack changed us as a nation.  How much more so does terrorism change the development of infant-children?  The experience of 9/11 was a very different one than allowing our homeless to starve to death on our nation’s streets.

My sister told me that one commentator of Walls’ book portrayed her story as being told “without self pity.”  While the ongoing endurance and positive life outcome for Walls and her older siblings sounds if not heroic, at least miraculous and amazing, let us not lose sight of the differences between stories told by people who were directly abused through acts of brutality and terrorism from very early in their life from those stories told by people who did NOT suffer from soul murder, boundary violations by their caregivers, acts of violence and torture, and deprivation of vitally required early caregiver love and attachment.

It is critical that we know the difference between child neglect and abuse.  It is not helpful for the purposes of understanding, intervening, preventing, protection of children or healing the effects of severe child abuse and/or neglect to be comparing peanut butter with a light socket.  It is important that we be able to accept the ‘pain-full’ reality that belongs to the stories severe child abuse survivors tell, and know the difference between this level of overwhelming pain and so-called ‘self pity’.

In any case, we are left needing to examine the resiliency factors that allows victims of both severe childhood neglect and abuse to endure and sometimes to thrive.  Those resiliency factors are ALWAYS there if we look, and know what we are looking for (and at).  Some might call these “the wild cards.”  I do not.  I believe there is nothing imaginary or ‘wild’ about them.  They are very real factors that exist in a child’s life that allow them to “go on being” under extremely malevolent early developmental conditions.  If and when I ever choose to read Walls’ book, these resiliency factors are what I would be looking for in the story that she tells.

To not recognize and accept that powerful resiliency factors DID exist for Walls’ and her siblings, just as they existed for myself and my siblings, is to deny the fundamental construction of our human species.  Just as identifiable and definable circumstances create miserable childhoods, so also do identifiable and definable resiliency factors allow children to survive them, and sometimes to thrive in spite of them.

Reality, folks.  Do not forget reality.  None of us are super human.  Not me, not my siblings, not Walls, not her siblings.  Turning any kind of childhood tragedy into any kind of ongoing adult triumph means that we had powerful gifts provided to us in the midst of childhood traumas of any kind – or we would not be here to tell our stories.  Pretending otherwise is just that – imagining a world where reality’s rules do not apply.

We have a word for pure imagination:  Fantasy.  It is only in the world of fantasy that we can imagine that severe child abuse is the same thing as severe deprivation through neglect — and creates the same consequences.  Reality dictates otherwise.

++++++++++++++++

In my case, my mother malevolently and maliciously controlled every aspect of my growing and developing self for 18 years so far as was possible for her to do.  She accomplished this through physical, emotional, verbal, psychological, mental and spiritual abuse.  I do not make this statement with ‘self pity’.  I make it in recognition of fact.  She did everything she could imagine to make me miserable.  That she succeeded should be no surprise to anyone, not even to me.

In the Walls’ case, those children each had a self TO rescue, and a self with which to help rescue one another.  My mother’s violating abusive intentions were always intended to destroy her enemy she thought was me.  That I came out of my childhood with any semblance of a self at all is a miracle.  As a result of extreme child abuse, everything I ever do is about trying to find and rescue my damaged self.  I do not believe this would be the case if my childhood history had been of neglect instead of abuse.

That, dear readers, amounts to a waste of what should have been a perfectly good life time.

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+TRANSCRIPTION COMPLETE FOR MOTHER’S 1963 LETTERS

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The transcription of the 1963 letters is complete:

*1963 – Mother’s Letters

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+RUPTURE IN RELATIONSHIPS ALWAYS NEEDS REPAIR – MY MOTHER’S REPAIR LETTER

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

The saga continues.  Dr. Allan Schore writes in great detail about how patterns of rupture and repair are built into an infant’s developing brain — either under optimal conditions or under malevolent ones.  Nobody can ever be completely ‘in synch’ with others all of the time.  Ruptures are to be expected.  It is critical that healthy patterns of repairing these ruptures get built into the new brain through safe and secure early care giver interactions.

Without healthy, safe and securely attached rupture and repair patterns, insecure attachment patterns will predominantly ‘rule’ the brain — and a person’s resulting actions.  The dominant patters will be of rupture without hope of repair.  Humans do not do well with that scenario, and thus adapt as they find ways to accomplish the needed repair.

I DO believe that my parents were doing the best that they could do with one another — given what they knew and what they had to work with.  This letter gives us some clues about how the ‘repair after rupture’ part of their relationship worked.

*1963 – September 9 – Mother’s “repair” response letter to dad

In context:

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Please don’t rush by the active link I put up there in the post!  This link leads to important insecure attachment information: 

patterns of rupture and repair

This information describes how in early infant-caregiver interactions, the infant is never the one who causes the rupture.  It is always the caregiver, and it is vitally important that the one who causes an infant-caregiver  rupture is the one who repairs it.  Once an infant can move around in the world by itself some distance from its caregiver, rupture and repair patterns already built into the brain begin to expand their affects — and these expanded patterns begin to build what we can call the

‘shame reaction pattern’.

The increasing complexity of the brain-mind and nervous system are fundamentally tied into how the rupture-repair patterns were established in early infant development, and continue to be ‘directed’ by information the growing infant-child receives throughout the ‘shame reaction’ stage of early human development.  As this new stage of mobilization within the wider world is safely and securely negotiated with others, what our body-brain knows about rupture and repair can be expanded to include our every more increasingly complex interactions between ourselves and other members of our social species.  — see

shame and the nervous system

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

+STEALING OUR CHILDREN’S LIGHT

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Every time we try to get our adult attachment needs met through our children we are placing them in our darkness and stealing from them the light they need to build their own strong self so they can live their own good life.  Doing so is the surest way to destroy our children’s lives — which is certainly not what we hope for.

It is critically important that we foster our children’s attachment to us as parents, not the other way around – and not mutually.  Yes, parents need to be bonded with their children, but that is not the same thing as parents having to have their attachment needs met by their children.  Parents are their children’s care givers.  We can only activate our care giving system when our attachment-need system is deactivated, or turned off.  Otherwise the whole natural process of raising healthy-minded, safely and securely attached children is contaminated, and unresolved trauma is passed down the generations.

Adults, particularly those who were not raised themselves by securely attached adults who knew how to meet their own attachment needs appropriately outside their parenting relationship – and thus have a resulting insecure attachment disorder coupled with an empathy disorder themselves — need to become crystal clear about what their own attachment needs are and how to get these needs met appropriately without involving their children.

If we ourselves have an insecure attachment disorder, we will be forever at risk for passing this insecure attachment pattern down to our offspring no matter how hard we try not to.  We need information, we need it NOW and we need it desperately!

I am most strongly recommending the writings of Dr. Daniel J. Siegel.

— WEBSITE:   Mindsight Institute

Parenting From the Inside Out by Daniel Siegel and Mary Hartzell (Paperback – April 22, 2004)

Better Parents, Better Spouses, Better People (Wired to Connect: Dialogues on Social Intelligence, 2) by Daniel J. Siegel and Daniel Goleman (Audio CD – 2007) – Audiobook

The Developing Mind: How Relationships and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are by Daniel J. Siegel (Paperback – Oct 22, 2001)

The Mindful Brain: Reflection and Attunement in the Cultivation of Well-Being by Daniel J. Siegel (Hardcover – April 1, 2007)

The Neurobiology of “We”: How Relationships, the Mind, and the Brain Interact to Shape Who We Are (Sounds True Audio Learning Course) by Daniel J. Siegel (Audio CD – May 1, 2008) – Audiobook

Mindsight: The New Science of Personal Transformation by Daniel J. Siegel (Hardcover – Jan 12, 2010)

Healing Trauma: Attachment, Mind, Body, and Brain by Daniel J. Siegel, Marion F. Solomon, and Marion Solomon (Hardcover – Jan 2003)

The Healing Power of Emotion: Affective Neuroscience, Development & Clinical Practice (Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology) by Diana Fosha, Daniel J. Siegel, and Marion F. Solomon (Hardcover – Nov 16, 2009)

Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy by Kekuni Minton, Pat Ogden, Clare Pain, and Daniel J. Siegel (Hardcover – Oct 13, 2006)

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Adequate parenting means we can respond adequately to the needs of our children.

Please also see on this blog:

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part One

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part Two

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part Three

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part Four

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part Five

*COLLINS ON RESPONDING TO NEED – Part Six

**Attachment Styles and Caregiving from Collins Article

**Attachment Styles from Collin’s Article

++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++