Tag: attachment disorder

+TO BE ‘WALKED RIGHT THROUGH’ – WHAT MY BODY REMEMBERS ABOUT MY NONEXISTANT SELF

alchemynowLeave a comment

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I suspect that knowledge of the threat of death, even if existing only on a cellular level within our DNA, must accompany a newborn infant into this world.  Why else would a person’s life force naturally accomplish all that is possible to remain alive?  Is safe and secure attachment to caregivers designed to somehow banish this awareness of the threat of death?  Is this part of the mechanics of change that severe infant abuse/trauma (especially) maltreated survivors never lose when we never had those attachments?

When the caregivers are NOT the source of protection but are rather the transmitters of harm and great violence, what THEN happens to this awareness of the threat of death?

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It seems almost strange to me that as I wait this morning for the HUD housing inspector to park in my yard this afternoon it is the awareness of the continuity throughout my entire life since my birthing of this awareness of the threat of death that is being fed into my thinking directly from the way my body is feeling right now.

As I pay attention I understand that ‘being walked right through’ is a big part of what I am sensing in my body connected to its memory.  Yes, this inspector will ‘walk right through’ this entire personal, sacred, precious space of my home that is so much a part of ME right now.

The ‘being walked right through’ feels both extremely threatening to me right now and extremely familiar.  It brings to mind my memory of being 21, walking around the northern town I lived in alone late at night in a snowstorm as I stood with my bare hands out in front of me, looked at my palms and heard a ‘voice’ say to me from within:  “I am a wraith.”

At that time I didn’t even ‘logically’ know what the word wraith meant.  Searching online I find that it is used mostly this way:

1 –an apparition of a living person supposed to portend his or her death.

2 — a visible spirit.

The origins of the word appear to be unclear though either Scottish or Celtic origins are suspected.  Most of my genetic heritage is linked to these cultures.

For all the thousands of physical attacks I endured during the 18 years of my childhood, never – not one single time – did I experience of a sense that I as a person-self existed in the body that was being pummeled.  I didn’t have that sense because I DIDN’T exist.  And it wasn’t until that instant in that snowstorm that the first vague and distant clue arrived that I, in fact, did exist.

Until that instant there had never been a connection for me between my BODY and a ME-SELF capable of realizing anything about my own existence.

The two pieces of information had simply never built themselves into the associational networks in my brain.  For this connection between body and awareness of self to come to me, and then for a connection to be made between the self as being connected to that body to happen SO LATE in my life would be nearly unbelievable to me if I didn’t know my own life story.

MY SELF-self HAD always been ‘walked right through’.  My self, as existing not connected to my body, did not receive the physical blows that would have let it know it existed in time and space.  My body obviously knew this information.  It had suffered greatly.

My invisible self, my wraith self – contrary to definition in the dictionary – appeared for the first time when I was 21 not because I was on the verge of DYING but because I was on the verge of COMING ALIVE.

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Today I struggle with staying in and with my body as I go through this distress-provoking experience related to my well-being.  My body, with its in-built ancient DNA instinctual wisdom DID endure, DID persevere.  But this SELF I am with my awareness of my SELF existence remains only tenuously connected.  The two can very easily become disassociated rather than associated with one another.

My SELF does not want to become nonexistent.  I am very aware that in my case, given my unique history, that the fight to self-preserve happened IN MY BODY, but not in any way with this SELF I work to identify with today.

It is this self, who recognized herself for the first time when I was 21 in those words, “I am a wraith,” who knows what it was like to have no existence so that it could be ‘walked right through’ for my first 18 long years of torture.

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This is not an easy day……

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+BLOGGING AND THINKING WITH A TRAUMA-CHANGED BRAIN

alchemynowLeave a comment

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I live in and with an over-sensitized, over-sensitive, anxiety-trauma-built body.  Among the changes that happened in my physiological development is that ALL of me was changed in adaptation to severe abuse and violent trauma from the moment I was born and during the following 18 years I could not escape my mother.  This includes how my brain was structured from the beginning of life so that NOW it operates differently from ‘ordinary’.

These facts of course affect not only my thinking, but my writing as well.  I FORCE myself to think in words, which is an essential process that I do not obscure in my writing.

Although I am not ‘autistic’ my patterns of thinking can be as disconcerting to follow verbally as an autistic person’s can be.  I do not – because I really cannot – attempt to obscure from my writing how my brain (hence, I) move forward in time within the realm of words.

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Blogging has comfortingly allowed me to write in loops and circles.  What my body knows (as with everyone’s) provides information through my right brain that must then be handed over to my left brain for linear-logical-verbal exposure to consciousness.  In order for this process to happen, all this back-and-forth has to involve the ‘bridge’ between my two brain hemispheres – my corpus callosum.  As is well known and is much written about today, the development of both brains and the bridge between them is greatly affected by severe abuse, neglect, trauma, violence and malevolent treatment during the brain’s most critical early stages of growth.

I suffer from these consequences.  But I am determined and courageous.  It is my intent to make the most good possible come out of my disastrous early beginnings, and as is my prayer every day of my life, to at least offer something that might help someone else.

When I began this blog in April of 2009 I could not go back and reread or edit in any way anything that I wrote.  Whatever state I was in when I wrote was not one I could return to even in the immediate future.  I had no tolerance for my own words as if I was deadly allergic to them.  What I wrote about had been deadly toxic to me – and remained so.

I have made SOME progress, although most of the time I have to ‘look the other way’ as the words come out.  Having entirely lacked any concept of ‘being a self’ or of ‘having a self’ for the first 18 years of my life has left me with that all too familiar dissociational condition of being ‘depersonalized’ so that once a single instant of time has passed by in my life it becomes the ‘dereal’ past – not directly connected to me in any way unless I consciously, logically FORCE an awareness of a connection.

But I do not FEEL connected to myself as a ‘past entity’ or as a ‘future entity’.  All perception of time was built into my body-brain in the midst of ongoing severe trauma, and I now believe that if there is NEVER a sense of safety or security (as expressed in human attachment relationships), when there is no safe and secure time to REST between experiences of trauma, the acute trauma stage with its altered sense of time becomes permanent.

This also affects me as I think in written words.  I am ‘mind blind’ to words that are going to follow one another.  I have to, again, ‘look the other way’ rather than anticipate where my thoughts are going.  I believe when Dr. Daniel Siegel speaks of ‘Mind Sight’ he is referring to consequences such as I suffer from.  In my courage and determination I do not let these alterations stop me.

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Sometimes my posts must seem redundant to this blog’s faithful readers.  Every post I write has to have enough inner integrity that it can be found through someone’s future online search, read, and understood in context.  This is an example of this process in motion over time:

Posted yesterday in comment to a post:  +A LONG, THOUGHTFUL LOOK AT VERBAL ABUSE AS MALIGNANT TEASING

Word Count: 5876

“I googled “teasing as verbal abuse” because i wanted to read something exactly like this.”

This post is a long one.  Yet somehow within its structure of words it held something of helpful meaning to this reader – and I am glad it did!

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Because of my brain being built in the midst of severe trauma my emotional right limbic brain and the body that feeds it information IS overly sensitive-sensitized.  I will struggle with ‘failure’ on a primal level within me for the rest of my life, so when a comment comes in like this one, I struggle directly with the ‘rejection’ that it triggered:

Posted yesterday in a comment to post:   +INSECURE INFANT ATTACHMENT, DAY CARE AND EMOTIONAL NEGLECT

Word Count: 1234

“I’ve been skimming your recent posts (sorry, they’re a little long)”

And this post was a relatively short one.  Of course I welcome all comments.  My discomfort has nothing to do with the words of the commenter – nearly everything about being alive in my body is a trauma trigger to me, so pervasive was the malevolent trauma that built me!

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Now, THIS post is a very long one and I thought about perhaps figuring out a way to impose some structure on it at the time it was posted.  And yet dividing one of my thought stream writing processes into segments, like chapters, doesn’t work well in this blog’s format.  Although it easily contains enough words for 4-5 posts, it needs to remain a ‘stand alone’ piece for someone to discover sometime in the future as a ‘whole thing’ with its context intact.

January 16, 2011 post:  +TO BE OR NOT TO BE — HUMAN OR OBJECT: EARLY ATTACHMENT PATTERNS DECIDE AS THEY BUILD OUR ANS

Word count: 4095

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Computerized reading is nicely designed to allow for scanning and skimming.  Any post can also be read in parts over time – put down and picked up again like a book.

Somehow, to me, the nature of my writing-thinking process is integral to the purpose of this blog.  Nothing comes easily.  Nothing comes without effort.  When a severe infant-child abuse survivor attempts to accomplish a lifespan in a body-brain that was altered and changed in its development by trauma, nothing about our life happens in a simple straightforward way.  This can be especially true with our patterns of processing words that match our experience.

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NOTE:  It is always best to come directly to the blog post as it exists in real time because I DO now often go back after the post is published and make changes — exactly as I am at this moment.

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+THE ABSENCE OF SAFE AND SECURE ATTACHMENT AND THE NEED TO SELF-PRESERVE

alchemynowLeave a comment

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This will not be an easy day for me, nor did the event I anticipate happening today let me have much sleep last night.  Because I try as hard as I can to learn something useful out of every difficulty I encounter, the experience I am having right now must have a pearl at the center of it somewhere.

Being quite low income (fixed disability) I put my name on the local HUD Section 8 Rental Assistance program waiting list over three years ago.  My name came up.  Fortunately my kind, supportive, caring, helpful, loving and very clear-thinking daughter was willing to take care of the first level of paperwork when she came down to visit earlier this month.  This afternoon the housing inspector comes over to take a look around.

There is no way that I can escape the anxiety this entire scenario creates for me.  And this level of anxiety, because it threatens the entire safety and security of my life, disorganizes and disorients me.  In short, it hurts.

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Older houses in this border region were never built by rich people.  They don’t match anyone’s ‘building code’.  In the four plus years I’ve been renting this one I, and my loving brother when he comes to visit, have made every improvement that my limited budget could afford.

I have been cleaning and painting – and rearranging – and waiting – and stressing in my own unique distressed way for weeks.  Knowing the wiring in this house is really inadequate, and that my usual string of extension cords would be a dead give-a-way to that fact, I have worked to eliminate them.  Then there’s heating the inspector won’t like.  There’s all kinds of things about this house the inspector might not like.

Will he, can he make exceptions to his rules?  Will he overlook things in this poor house so its poor tenant can continue to live here?

Not knowing.  The unknown.  The helplessness and powerlessness and vulnerability and fear – no terror – I feel.  Dare I hope?

This is my home.  This and my gardens.  This spot on the earth I have found.  I do not want to move.  I cannot imagine moving.  Moving would be a malevolent traumatization to me that I can not imagine enduring or surviving.

If this house does not pass inspection, will my landlord alter-fix what needs to be done to make it pass?

I don’t know that, either.

If it comes to having to move from here to keep my valuable rental assistance voucher – what will I decide to do?

I do not know.

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Vulnerability is not good for me.  Being of low resources is not good for me, but it is the way my life is and I am grateful for all the programs I receive help from – at the same time I feel guilty, and feel sad for all those much needier than me, those with young children, all those who struggle – and I think I should have let my expiration date pass when my cancer came instead of fighting it, enduring, remaining alive, consuming resources that I cannot earn or pay for on my own.

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There’s a lot at risk.  There’s a lot at stake.  This strange man will come into my house, do his job, prowl around with his critical and meticulous eye, doing his job.  Will he look into every crack and crevice, every cupboard, every closet, peer here and there asking his questions, and will I be able to remain calm enough – not panic – not dissolve into the too-familiar tears that often come now when my anxiety erupts into escalated disaster-based emotions?

My home is my solace.  My infant-childhood abuse and trauma-related disabilities keep me mostly HERE in this place of my safety, security and comfort – such as I can wrest now from this world I abide in.  I do not leave here often, and do not go very far.  I can’t.

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Yesterday as I forced myself through the final stages of preparation for what FEELS LIKE an attack on my hard won well-being in my tiny corner of the world, I became very aware of my heightened depression and of its connection to one critically important state of existence.

In part because of my recent readings and study about how ALL attachment relationships are about PROTECTION first and foremost – protection of the BODY that holds the SELF – I realized that what triggers my deepest sadness (and it was triggered yesterday and certainly here it is today) – is the most ancient pervasive overwhelming state that I spent the first 18 years of my life in:

NOBODY is here to help me.  NOBODY is here to protect me.  NOBODY cares if I live or die (as an infant-child I was very aware they wanted me dead).  I am IN THIS ALONE.  I am desperate.  I am threatened.  My extinction is imminent.

I have to pause here and wait through my disorganized-disoriented storm, searching for words, for a pattern of thinking in words that I can reach for, grab onto, and follow as if dragged forward through time from this moment into the next one and the next one.

What?

I know I know it.  I know I know what I want to say.  I know that I am a self and that this self knows.  I know this scrambling is directly connected to how trauma formed my brain – my right brain, my left brain, the middle of the two – all changed by trauma so that thinking in words can be impossible at the same time emotions consume my body.

What?

I go back to the beginning.  No protection.  AHH!  That’s the word:  Self-preservation.

From the instant I was born if I was going to stay alive in the midst of violent trauma and abuse, if I was going to stay alive it was up to me to preserve my own self.

NOBODY as a tiny infant-toddler-child born tiny and helpless and needy and vulnerable and dependent SHOULD EVER HAVE TO KNOW THIS FEELING.

This is what I felt so strongly yesterday as I dragged my great depression and growing sadness about this inspection and all that hangs weighted in the balance.  This terrible sadness I drag around through my life as a ball-and-chain.

Being deprived by violent trauma and abuse without having a safe and secure attachment to ANYONE for 18 years – and surviving that IN SPITE of this fact – I self-preserved.  I persevered in my self-preservation – but there was and is a high, high cost.

That cost is sadness.

That cost is hurt.

When I read in the article posted yesterday about child abuse consequences that Substance P IS INVOLVED – as I know it is – I can now hang my sadness on that hook.  Being not only deprived for 18 years of ANY protection because I was deprived of ANY attachment – at the same time I was continually attacked by those same people nature had designated to be my caregivers – self-preservation grew and grew and took the place of what I needed and was SUPPOSED to have at the same time great pain and sadness grew within me at the same time.

Facing this inspection today with all the threat to my safety and security it entails, threatens also to overwhelm me with this sadness.  My abilities to self-preserve are coupled with this pain.

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+CLEAR ARTICLE ON LIFELONG INFANT-CHILD TRAUMA CONSEQUENCES

alchemynow2 Comments

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Although I am nothing like a ‘scientific expert’ on the topics I present on this blog, I sure can recognize comprehensive outside support articles on what exposure to passive and active malevolent treatment including violent trauma (including emotional and verbal abuse), emotional neglect, physical neglect and unsafe and insecure early caregiver attachments do to change the physiological and psychological development of infants, toddler, children and teens.

This article by Dr. McCollum that I present here today presents the topic of what I call Trauma Altered Development (TAD) in a clear, lay-readable format.  For all the times that I have mentioned that I believe that TAD directly affects the human developing immune system, I find the material in this article supportive of my belief.

The term being used here, Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) comes from our nation’s Center for Disease Control (CDC) and is working to standardize the measurement across scientific fields of study related to suffering in infant-childhood caused by trauma in a little one’s earliest environment.

One of my strongest suggestions for standardizing all research about infant-child abuse and its lifelong consequences would be implementation of a federal-state mandate that would require that every American receiving any kind of health care services fill out a CDC ACE study questionnaire and that the results of these reports be accumulated in a federal (confidential) databank.

The article that follows gives us convincing reasons for believing that making the connection between the overall well-being of our nation’s offspring is of critical national interest.  If the subject of infant-child lack of well-being, neglect and abuse ever crosses a person’s mind, the following is the kind of information that needs to inform their thinking.  (I believe many forms of arthritis and cancer belong to the ‘health consequence list’. We also can no longer ignore the epigenetic changes that child abuse often creates that can also be passed down the generations.)

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I located this March 2006 article today on the Minnesota Medicine website, and have copied it over onto my blog for educational purposes only (please click on article title to find the list of references):

Clinical and Health Affairs — Child Maltreatment and Brain Development

By David McCollum, M.D.

Abstract
“A growing body of research has linked childhood experiences of maltreatment with a host of physical conditions that manifest in adulthood. In addition, newer neuroimaging techniques have documented structural changes that occur in the brains of individuals who suffer early maltreatment. This article briefly reviews the literature on these topics and outlines the connection between abuse in childhood and health problems in adulthood.

It has long been observed that some children raised in violent, abusive, or neglectful settings grow up to express violence, anger, depression, or to be engaged in drug use, alcoholism, or criminal activity. The thinking has been that children copy what they see and hear. When anti-social behavior is the norm and when it is reinforced by adults in the environment, children repeat it. During the past 15 years, scientific and clinical research has begun to document that more is at work. Anatomical and functional alterations occur in the brains of children who are exposed to adverse events.1 Research has also shed light on the less obvious link between childhood abuse and lifetime physical and mental health outcomes.2,3 This article reviews some of the research showing the neurobiological, neuroanatomical, and physiological effects of early life stressors and how they might relate to ongoing medical problems later in life.

The Connection between Abuse and Disease
Repeated exposure to adverse or harmful events in childhood has been linked to many adult health consequences. The adverse experiences that have been studied most are sexual abuse, physical abuse, and neglect. Anda et al. identified additional experiences that influence health behavior and outcomes, including mother treated violently, mental illness, substance abuse, incarcerated household member, and parental separation or divorce.4 Because at least 30% of children in this country experience some form of child abuse prior to age 18, we can expect adverse childhood experiences to have a significant impact on the health care system.5

New technologies such as functional MRI, PET, and MRI/T2 relaxometry (T2-RT) have enabled scientists to identify the chemical and structural differences between the central nervous systems of abused and nonabused individuals.6,7 This research shows that many health problems—including panic disorder/post-traumatic stress disorder, chronic fatigue syndrome, fibromyalgia, depression, some auto-immune disorders, suicidal tendencies, abnormal fear responses, preterm labor, chronic pain syndromes, and ovarian dysfunction—can be understood, in some cases, as manifestations of childhood maltreatment.8-13

Brain Development
An infant’s brain is equipped with an overabundance of neurons, synaptic potential, and dendrites. DNA is responsible for early brain development. But after birth, experience helps to determine which neurons will persist, which synapses will develop and become permanent, and which connections will take prominence or be subdued. Myelination, formation of the protective sheath surrounding nerve fibers, continues throughout childhood and, in some areas of the brain, into the third decade of life. This process establishes final, permanent linkages within the brain structures.14

The limbic system is the part of the brain most vulnerable to adverse childhood experiences. The system is made up of the amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and putamen. Related structures include the cerebellar vermis, prefrontal cortex, and visual and parietal cortex. The limbic system is responsible for the generation and control or inhibition of emotions. It is also involved in interpreting facial expressions and evaluating danger, is responsible for the fight-or-flight response to stress, and integrates emotional reactions and connects them with the physical response. Various components are also involved in memory, both implicit and explicit, and in learning (Table).

Brain Sequelae
Stress initiates a series of hormonal responses in the limbic system. The initial response to stress or danger is activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. This occurs in the locus coeruleus and the sympathetic nervous system, causing a release of the hormones norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. The amygdala reacts to this hormone release and, in turn, stimulates the hypothalamus to release corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF). CRF, itself, acts as both a hormone, to stimulate adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) secretion, and as a neurotransmitter, affecting areas of the cortex that are involved in executive functioning (eg, motivation, planning, and logic).15 Increasing ACTH secretion then leads to elevated glucocorticoids (cortisol). High levels of glucocorticoids have been shown to negatively affect the hippocampus, resulting in decreased dendritic branching, changes in synaptic terminal structure, and neuronal loss.16 A feedback mechanism in the hypothalamus and the hippocampus normally brings these levels back to their resting state.

If this process occurs repeatedly, CRF and glucocorticoids remain elevated, which eventually causes structural changes in the brain and impedes the feedback mechanism, leading to an imbalance in hormones and dysregulation of the HPA axis.17

Signs of Stress in the Brain
Several studies have shown a measurable reduction in the size of the amygdala, hippocampus (primarily the left side), corpus callosum, and the cerebellar vermis, and an increase in size of the putamen and lateral ventricles in both children and adults who experienced repeated childhood trauma.18-20 These changes are thought to be an effect of elevated glucocorticoid levels inhibiting myelination in these structures.14 Because most areas of the limbic system are high in glucocorticoid receptors, they are susceptible to the effects of early childhood abuse.

Functional changes have also been noted in the anterior cingulate gyrus and the visual and parietal cortex. Elevated resting levels of CRF have been found in the spinal fluid of abuse victims.21 Elevated T3 levels have also been found in patients with a history of childhood abuse.22

Dopamine, which is released during the stress response, stimulates areas of the prefrontal cortex, probably resulting in heightened attention and improved cognitive capacity. Chronic stress, however, appears to cause an overproduction of dopamine, which can result in reduced attention, increased overall vigilance, as well as a diminished capacity to learn new material and increased paranoid and psychotic behavior.23

Serotonin stimulates both anxiogenic and anxiolytic circuits, which create and reduce anxiety. Decreased serotonin levels in the prefrontal cortex have been found as a result of chronic stress. Suicidal behavior, depression, and aggression have been shown to result from low serotonin levels.

Substance P, a neuropeptide found throughout the body that participates in the pain response and inflammation, has been found at much higher levels in the spinal fluid of those with significant abuse history. Studies in rats showed that injecting high levels of substance P in the spinal fluid caused a significantly exaggerated pain response to a noxious stimulus.24

Related Health Problems
The health problems associated with these changes in the brain are significant. According to Anda et al., atrophy of the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex, and the subsequent dysfunction is related to anxiety, panic, depressed affect, hallucinations, and substance abuse. Increased locus coeruleus and norepinephrine activity have been related to tobacco use, alcoholism, illicit drug use, and injectable drug use. Defects in the amygdala and related deficits in oxytocin result in sexual aggression, sexual dissatisfaction, perpetration of intimate partner violence, and impaired pair bonding.4

Anderson et al. used a novel technology called static functional MRI T2 relaxometry (T2-RT) on a population that had experienced childhood sexual trauma and found evidence of significant changes in the cerebellar vermis in abused individuals compared with nonabused individuals.6 The vermis has been shown to play a role in suppressing excitability within the limbic system. The most consistent anatomical finding in children with ADHD is a reduction in the size of the cerebellar vermis. Other studies show similarities in hormonal changes in children with ADHD. Famularo showed a high correlation between traumatic family environments and ADHD comorbidity.25,26

Allsworth showed that dysfunction in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, common in people who have been abused, leads to ovarian dysfunction and early menopause.13 This is likely to increase the risk of cardiovascular disease in these women because estrogen is reduced prematurely and, therefore, its protective function is lost earlier, increasing risk for cardiovascular disorders. Another interesting finding is that early stress may lead to premature involution of the thymus gland. Anti-nuclear antibodies, which attack the body’s own tissues instead of foreign toxins and are frequently present in people with systemic lupus erythematosus, also have been found at higher levels in girls who have been sexually abused compared with those who have never experienced abuse.9

The link between fibromyalgia and sexual abuse has been extensively studied.27 Dysregulation of the HPA axis has been found in most patients with fibromyalgia.28 Substance P is found in high levels in this population. Irritable bowel syndrome has also been shown to be correlated with childhood sexual abuse, and higher levels of substance P have been found in the colonic mucosa of individuals who were maltreated as children. Also, increased glucocorticoid has been shown to act on the intra-abdominal adipocytes leading to increased fat storage.4 Findings that memory pathways are adversely affected by exposure to abuse may explain some amnesia, delayed recall of abuse, and dissociative disorders.29 Some authors consider conversion reactions and pseudoseizures a form of dissociative disorder.30 [bold type is mine]

Conclusion
For years, we have ignored the potential influence of childhood traumatic experiences on adult disease, preferring to look for genetic causes of disease and pure biochemical factors without considering experiential influences. Given new evidence that trauma in childhood alters the physiology of the brain, it is time for all physicians to be educated about the full health impact of violence and abuse and be trained to explore these issues as the true etiology of or an underlying potentiating factor that contributes to their patients’ maladies.”

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+STUDYING DOPAMINE: POST #1 OF THE HARD TO READ SERIES!

alchemynowLeave a comment

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I need to call this post #1 in the ‘you don’t really want to read this post’ series (although you are certainly welcome to!).  I am ‘on the hunt’ for information about dopamine and reward, and am filing information as I go along on my blog for safekeeping.

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“Dopamine may therefore be a neural substrate for novelty or reward expectation rather than reward itself.”

Dissociation of dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens from intracranial self-stimulation

Paul A. Garris, Michaux Kilpatrick, Melissa A. Bunin, Darren Michael, Q. David Walker & R. Mark Wightman

Nature 398, 67-69 (4 March 1999) | doi:10.1038/18019; Received 26 August 1998; Accepted 29 December 1998

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“Behavioural significance of the regional variation in the catecholaminergic control of long-term potentiation

The consolidation of LTP [In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-lasting enhancement in signal transmission between two neurons that results from stimulating them synchronously. It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.] is powerfully regulated by NA in both the dentate gyrus (e.g., present results) and CA3, at least for the mossy fibre synapses, (22,24) yet DA plays this role in CA1.  What is the behavioural significance of this dissociation?

While it is difficult to completely characterize their repertoire of responding in behaving animals, it is noteworthy that neurons in the locus coeruleus [a nucleus in the brain stem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic], source of the NA [sodium] innervation to the hippocampus, are phasically activated by both noxious and nonnoxious stimuli.(4) They are also tonically inhibited during slow-wave sleep, but show marked activation just prior to waking. (3)   For these and other reasons, the locus coeruleus has often been described as participating in behavioural arousal as well as orienting responses and attention, (2–4) through its divergent modulation of multiple brain regions.

Dopaminergic neurons in the ventral midbrain , on the other hand, are typically activated during the expectation or receipt of positive reward.(27,39) [Midbrain, also called the mesencephalon — During development, the mesencephalon forms from the middle of three vesicles that arise from the neural tube to generate the brain.  The mesencephalon is considered part of the brain stem. Its substantia nigra is closely associated with motor system pathways of the basal ganglia.  The human mesencephalon is archipallian in origin, meaning its general architecture is shared with the most ancient of vertebrates.  Dopamine produced in the substantia nigra plays a role in motivation and habituation of species from humans to the most elementary animals such as insects.]

These differences in neural responses to behavioural stimuli suggest that consolidation of LTP, and to some extent its induction, may show regional variations in its sensitivity to the behavioural state of the animals.

It has been suggested that, during exploration and initial learning, there is selective activation of the entorhinal–dentate–CA3 pathway, during which selective synaptic modifications may occur. Modification of these pathways would be turned off during later behaviourally quiet periods or slow-wave sleep. (13) This fits well with the noradrenergic control of dentate gyrus and CA3 LTP, since these periods of learning correspond well with the behavioural situations when locus coeruleus neurons are active.

Conversely, it has been observed that, during behaviourally quiet periods, slow-wave sleep and consummatory behaviours, there are sporadic bursts of activity in CA3 that phasically drive CA1 neurons (sharp waves),(12) and this may reflect the read-out of CA3-localized memory back through CA1 to the cortex for consolidation purposes. (13,31)

During periods of reward consummation, therefore, there may be a conjunction of dopaminergic activity and synaptic activity in CA1 and perhaps other limbic cortical areas, promoting the induction and consolidation of plasticity in these brain areas. It is noteworthy, however, that endogenous catecholamines can influence persistence of LTP in hippocampal slices, which are cut off from the influences of afferent activity originating extrinsically to the hippocampus. Thus, endogenous catecholamines can affect LTP independently of behavioural state. This could simply reflect there being a constitutive release of catecholamines in slices, or that catecholaminergic fibres are being directly stimulated during the experiments. Another more intriguing possibility, however, is that the catecholamine release is locally controlled by glutamate released at activated synapses. There is evidence that glutamate can facilitate catecholamine release from synaptosomes via presynaptic glutamate receptors on catecholaminergic terminals, (46) and there may be sufficient extrasynaptic spillover of glutamate during high-frequency stimulation to activate these receptors in situ. (7) Alternatively, a mobile trans-synaptic messenger such as nitric oxide could serve a similar function. The finding that tetanization-induced cyclic-AMP accumulation in CA1 is blocked by both SCH-23390 and an NMDA receptor antagonist supports this latter possibility. (16) If either of these scenarios were the case, then endogenous high-frequency activity in the hippocampus may have the capacity to be selfreinforcing, regardless of the activity state of the catecholamine cell bodies. This would provide a means for promoting the local consolidation of LTP, specific to the region of the activated synapses, without requiring a flood of catecholamine release throughout widespread regions of the brain that would be initiated by ventral tegmental area or locus coeruleus activity.

CONCLUSIONS

Our results have demonstrated a double dissociation of the catecholaminergic control of persistence of LTP between area CA1 and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. NA plays a privileged role promoting the late phase of LTP in the dentate gyrus, while DA fulfils that role in area CA1. Our findings are most complete for the in vitro preparation, and are indicative that the same functions are fulfilled by DA in vivo. Recent data have confirmed that NA plays a vital role in persistence of LTP in the dentate gyrus in vivo.40  Overall, these data suggest that LTP in these brain areas may be differentially consolidated according to the animal’s behavioural state.”

A DOUBLE DISSOCIATION WITHIN THE HIPPOCAMPUS OF DOPAMINE D1/D5 RECEPTOR AND b-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE PERSISTENCE OF LONG-TERM POTENTIATION

J. L. SWANSON-PARK, C. M. COUSSENS, S. E. MASON-PARKER, C. R. RAYMOND, E. L. HARGREAVES,  M. DRAGUNOW,  A. S. COHEN and W. C. ABRAHAM  — New Zealand – [bold type is mine — click on title for full article including references noted]

Neuroscience Vol. 92, No. 2, pp. 485–497, 1999 Copyright

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ABSTRACT:  “What are the genetic and neural components that support adaptive learning from positive and negative outcomes?

Here, we show with genetic analyses that three independent dopaminergic mechanisms contribute to reward and avoidance learning in humans.

A polymorphism in the DARPP-32 gene, associated with striatal dopamine function, predicted relatively better probabilistic reward learning.

Conversely, the C957T polymorphism of the DRD2 gene, associated with striatal D2 receptor function, predicted the degree to which participants learned to avoid choices that had been probabilistically associated with negative outcomes.

The Val/Met polymorphism of the COMT gene, associated with prefrontal cortical dopamine function, predicted participants’ ability to rapidly adapt behavior on a trial-to-trial basis.

These findings support a neurocomputational dissociation between striatal and prefrontal dopaminergic mechanisms in reinforcement learning. Computational maximum likelihood analyses reveal independent gene effects on three reinforcement learning parameters that can explain the observed dissociations.”

Genetic triple dissociation reveals multiple roles for dopamine in reinforcement learning

Michael J. Frank, Ahmed A. Moustafa, Heather M. Haughey, Tim Curran, and Kent E. Hutchison

PNAS, October 9, 2007, Vol. 104, No. 41, pages 11311-16316

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+TO BE OR NOT TO BE — HUMAN OR OBJECT: EARLY ATTACHMENT PATTERNS DECIDE AS THEY BUILD OUR ANS

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I woke up this morning to find my mind raring to GO like a team of healthy horses all hitched up, prancing around and chomping at their bits.  “WHOA!” I have to say to myself.  “I can see you have something important to say but I have no idea where I’m going with this!”

“Sadly,” I might add.  Sadly I have to remain poised at the beginning of writing something I know about infant-human development as I put myself on ‘pause’.  “How do I begin to write about something that is so critically important to the creation of a human being at the same time that the most accurate information about the topic lies only within the most densely-packed, difficult to read, most unnatural form that any lay readers could find it — ensconced in the tombs of writing created by the best-of-the-best developmental neuroscientists?”

I ask, “Who am I to assume that I might be the one to translate this critically important information into words that make perfect, clear, digestible and usable form for regular people?  Who am I to be the one that believes I can make logical connections between bits of scientific information that so-far mostly remain within the vernacular realm of ‘open to debate’ or ‘not remotely related’ to what people need to know about being alive in a human body in a culture that really doesn’t seem to care what being a human being MEANS, anyway?”

And I — simple I.  “Why me?”

“Why should I be the one trying to make these important connections about being born a tiny human being in a body that has so far to go before it can even grasp the reins of its own great potential to be a separate person among billions of others on the planet today?”

“Why — I — who had removed from me (through unbelievable trauma, torture, neglect and abuse from the time of my birth) perhaps as effectively as is humanly possible nearly ever single chance, nearly every single possibility of being the ME I was born as, of having a chance to grow that ME into a self in a healthy body so that I could have gone off in completely different directions with my life so that I would have ended up a different person in a different body living a different life than I am today?”

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I am not an ‘acadamian’.  I don’t have, and never will have a doctorate or a string of impressive degree titles strung after my name to prove to anyone that I know what I’m talking about.

I don’t even know what I’m talking about.  The only strength I possess is my determination to FIND OUT what I know — inside my own body — as I work as hard as I can at being TRUE to what I know and try to communicate that information as it matches what the developmental neuroscientists know.

NOT AN EASY TASK.  None of this is.  And the two intimately connected subjects I WANT to write about, that I WANT to understand, that I believe are so important for ALL OF US to understand surround me at this very instant as they threaten to do what they do BEST — obliterate ME.

Those two subjects are DISSOCIATION and SHAME as they both utilize the same human physiological pathways within our body that, when they exist in a person’s body, lie within our Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).

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Part of what keeps me sitting here this morning on complete ‘pause’ is that I am realizing how profoundly I have been guilty of allowing an obstacle to sit in my own pathway that has continued to limit what I understand about how the malevolent trauma of my earliest physiological developing moments, days, weeks, months and years not ONLY changed how my brain developed, and not ONLY changed the development of this collection of living tissue referred to as my BODY — the pervasive traumas that happened to me ALSO changed how my BRAIN and my BODY communicate with one another.

Dissociation and shame, both happening as BRAKES on experience a person has as they operate within a human’s ANS, can shatter the continuity of one’s experience of being alive at the same time they disrupt and destroy the formation of those physiological routes WITHIN THE BODY that a person MUST HAVE to become and to remain a healthy, whole SELF.

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It is at this point, as I sit reins in hand with my prancing, chomping, raring-to-go team of horses ahead of this too-flimsy cart I sit perched on that I realize I have no clear idea about which direction to go in.

At the same time I recognize that I know that eventually ‘all roads lead to Rome’ and that it doesn’t matter which direction I head off to.  In the end, ALL OF WHAT I KNOW from the 18-year infant-childhood of horrific abuse, trauma and malevolent treatment that I survived — coupled with every shred of neuroscientific information I have sought for and attempted to comprehend about human infant-child development and about how neglect, abuse and trauma changes the development of our BODY itself — means the same thing.

If a human infant is not given as nearly as possible EXACTLY what it needs — safe and secure early attachment interactions with its earliest primary caregivers most essentially with its mother — OPTIMAL development on every single level of its developing body will NOT happen as a consequence.

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Perhaps for the first time in the 59 years of my life I am finding myself as the severely abused infant-child I was, falling-drifting into place among all the other members of my species.   As horrifically an exception to the ‘norm’ that my severely abusive-traumatizing infant-childhood consistently was, there is NOTHING about what happened to me that was in any way an exception to the rule of ‘human is, human does’.

The more I understand that any form of interference with or neglect of providing (especially for a human being ages 0-3) OPTIMAL conditions to develop RIGHT results in negative changes to the development of the BODY and of all its components, the more I understand that our culture is creating a nation of people who do NOT have an optimal body at the same time they do not have AN OPTIMAL SELF.

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As I sit upon my flimsy cart of ‘trying to figure out how all the FACTS fit together into a whole’, I realize that in some ways all the color is draining out of my view of the world.  As I make the inner agreement with myself to just relax and let this color-draining happen so that I can come a little bit closer to KNOWING WHAT I KNOW inside my body-self, I am beginning to see that when it comes to forming OPTIMAL people from the moment of their conception, there really doesn’t appear to be much GRAY in this world at all!

It is into this very black and white world that I can see myself slipping-sliding-drifting-falling as just one more person among no doubt millions of others whose earliest most critical stages of development deprived me of the chance to become an OPTIMAL human being.

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Black OR white world:  Either an infant-child is born into an environment that provides (as exactly as possible = ‘good enough’) what it needs to recognize its own self at the same time it is given what it needs to GROW that self into a BODY that forms with this SELF front-stage-and-center — or it isn’t.

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I don’t WANT to write this post.  I don’t WANT to think about ANYTHING I seem now-destined to think about.  I would much rather have been immediately whisked away forever at the instant of my birth from my severely abusive mother into a DIFFERENT world, one in which I would have been raised OPTIMALLY so that right now I would be a DIFFERENT me living a different life in an entirely different body.

It is a tragedy beyond measure that I am sitting here being who I AM, not because I am flawed as a SELF, but because my development of my SELF included the development of this body on all its levels that my SELF has to live in/with.  THIS IS NOT THE SAME BODY that I would have had if the whisked-away had happened.  THIS BODY was permanently changed in its development ON ALL ITS LEVELS in response to the deprivations and trauma I was formed in and by.

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Not being a computer literate person I can’t truly begin to understand the analogy that is stuck in my thoughts today.  I will loosen the brakes on this wagon I am perched on and gently shake the reins and speak to my team of horses in a quiet, gentle voice.  “Inch forward a little tiny bit,” I tell them.  And then SLAM, back on go the brakes.

I would say at this point that building a human being from conception forward might involve on the molecular level a process similar to booting a computer.

As I understand it, I push a button (baby conceived) and then let the computer proceed through whatever stages it invisibly accomplishes all on its own until VOILA!  I can use the computer for my intended purposes.

I don’t begin to understand what my computer is ACTUALLY doing as it goes through its necessary stages to make itself operational.  Nor do I tamper with, attempt to rearrange, or in any other way interfere with my computer’s ‘developmental stages’ to reach its operational abilities.

I simply let all that happen on its own.

NOW – enter a MOTHER of a human infant into the picture (and I intentionally say MOTHER because, by hook or by crook, it is MOTHERS who bring these new human beings out into the world).  Of course MOTHERS exist within environments that hopefully contain other people who can assist her in her job of ‘booting up’ the full operating potential of her infant-toddler-child.

In this black and white world of ‘do it right’ or ‘do it wrong’ that I am thinking within at this moment, we humans are not only fully capable of interfering with a human being’s ‘booting up’ process, we can so disturb it that we essentially RUIN it.

Then we blame and shame, wring our hands, whine, complain and in other ways HATE that the human beings that emerge at the end of a thwarted ‘booting up’ interactive developmental process are LESS THAN OPTIMAL or nearly completely BROKEN as a direct consequence of not accomplishing what NATURE requires for the ‘booting up’ to happen right.

True, human infant-children are malleable.  True, resiliency and risk factors that exist within their body and within the environment their body is growing itself within seem to give us certain additional options that a booting computer doesn’t possess.

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At this instant I am going to close my proverbial mind’s eye and then open it again — a sort of slow blink.  Now I see a wide open straight smooth track ahead of me as it disappears into the horizon.  I look to my right and see all of my favorite developmental neuroscientists, developmental pediatricians, human attachment experts beside me in a row.

“Ah-ha!”  I experience a split second of elation because I know that I am NOT alone in my considerations about how HUMAN development happens in direct interaction with existing infant-caregiver interactions in the earliest of human environments.

But wait!  I look at myself.  Here I am in my thrift store clothing, holding reins and a harness made of twisted, braided ducktape.  My pathetic little cart has been built and rebuilt using scraps of wood and metal I found tossed into the growing pile of trash behind my neighbor’s fence.  Not only are my wheels missing spokes, but as I look ahead of me I see that the only source of energy I have to move me forward into new understanding about what I in fact SHARE with other human beings is a tired old gray mare — and I mean THE old gray mare.

To the side of me sit the others on their fabulous rigs, their well-heeled horses ahead of them in equal health and splendor.  Off we go!  Or, I should say, off THEY go!

Pounding hooves toss up clouds of dust but the stunning racers stretch out way ahead of it.  Here I am, having barely moved ahead by a fraction of an inch watching all those ‘professionals’ eat up the miles and disappear into the distance.

I do what any sane lay person would do.  I get out and walk.  But because this old gray mare has been such a good and loyal friend to me, I will not leave her behind.  I unhitch her from this shabby contraption of a cart, reach into my pocket and pull our a carrot and give it to her.  As she munches it happily I wrap my fingertips into her soft warm mane and together we saunter along after the others.

At the same time I think about the words I have heard to be attributed to Gandhi:  “There go my people.  I must follow.  I am their leader.”

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This post is a collection of my thoughts that are connected to the horrific experiences my just-turned-10-month old grandson had in his new day care last week.  It’s enough to say that this VERY safely and securely attached infant experience a radical breach in his reality in that experience directly related to his mismatch between his OPTIMAL attachment at his developmental stage and the NOT optimal attachment environment that his day care provider considered ‘normal’.

After three days my grandson was ‘expelled’ as the provider told my daughter and her husband that they better go get some ‘behavioral health’ counseling for their baby.

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The other collection of thoughts that lies behind this post today has to do with my thinking about two articles that I have recently read and am heavily pondering:

One of them was referenced in this recent post: +A START ON THE TOPIC OF TEARS, CRYING, WEEPING, THE ANS AND ATTACHMENT….

and refers to this article:

THE MEANING OF CRYING BASED ON ATTACHMENT THEORY

In it the author describes that the bottom-line purpose of the human attachment system is for protection.  That makes sense to me on one level.  Why else would we talk about human attachment in terms of being safe and secure — or not?

But I, with my lay-rig-thinking ALSO know that because we are HUMAN the bottom-line below this bottom-line is that our attachment needs are not ONLY about protecting the existence of our body itself, but  are fundamentally about PROTECTING AN INDIVIDUAL’S SELF both as it forms at the beginning of our life and as it continues to exist as long as the body that contains this self remains alive.

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The other article of immediate importance to me in my pondering is this one:

Shattered Shame States and their Repair

The John Bowlby Memorial Lecture

Saturday March 10, 2007

Judith Lewis Herman, M.D.

This is the article I mentioned in my recent post that asserts that Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) may well be a shame-based disorder.

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Yet at the same time I am considering the information presented in these two articles I understand that I am reading second-hand what the developmental neuroscientists say about human infant development as they describe what needs to happen during the initial 0-3 ‘booting up’ time of human development for things to go OPTIMALLY WELL  and what happens when OPTIMAL doesn’t happen.

I am dismayed to realize that I have to AGAIN go back to the source of the information all the other writers are speaking about second-hand.  Believe me, this will entail yet another long, difficult and arduous effort on my part to present this first-hand information to my blog readers.

But that is what my WORK truly is — WORK!

If what is now known about human development actually was in fact a perfect grapefruit sitting in the middle of a Round Table, and if all the ‘experts’ were sitting around the table using the terminology of what they KNOW about that fruit, they would all approach its description differently.

Some might say “It is certainly round.”  Others might say “It is certainly yellow.”  Others, “It is certainly a fruit” or “It’s certainly edible” or “It’s certainly yellow on the outside, but I bet it’s pink on the inside.”

My point being, I have yet to see all of these divisions of knowledge ABOUT WHAT’S REALLY IMPORTANT unify their thinking into a single whole that can be presented WITH MEANING to those of us not sitting at that table.

Nor is what we infant-child severe trauma survivors KNOW about this entire area of study INCLUDED equally in intelligent discussion.

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Back to the proverbial drawing board I will have to go now.  When I encounter something new I have to go back and straighten out my own thinking about what I have already studied so that my INNER understanding within my body can match the increasingly simple yet increasingly BIGGER picture about what all of this means.

Right now — at this single solitary moment in time — I am coming to the conclusion that as we follow all of the ‘scientific’ information back and back and back to the beginning of human infant development at birth, all of it is about MAKING A HUMAN BEING versus creating an entity that DOES NOT HAVE A HEALTHY SELF.

Without a healthy self, a human being is NOT fully human.

I sense that this statement approaches heresy.

Without having a healthy self — which includes any degree of interruption in the development of an infant’s BODY that HAS to happen for a healthy self to recognize and express itself (healthy in my mind meaning the same thing as WHOLE) — an individual cannot possibly tell itself apart from AN OBJECT.

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While I might bemoan the fact that I will never be able to understand all the physiological connections within the human brain and body that connect to one another and than come ‘online’ in the human ‘booting up’ early developmental process, at the same time I can trust my sense from my own experience about what all the research is probably saying.

Everything within us IS connected in critical ways, and I suspect that the connections between our brain and our visceral body happen within our Autonomic Nervous System in some critically important way so that non-optimal early experiences change our ANS development.  Traumatic non-optimal early experiences that happen to us before our ANS has developed an optimal safe and secure attachment system by the age of one (or, in cases like mine when safe and secure attachments are left entirely out of the picture for an entire childhood) dissociational patterns somehow contaminate the development of what is supposed to be healthy and normal shame reactions.

As far as I can tell dissociation and shame are physiologically THE SAME.

My guess is that early relational trauma distorts the healthy optimal development of the ANS in such a way that dissociation rather than a healthy shame reaction form themselves into a body that will henceforth be deprived of the development of a healthy WHOLE self that has been enabled (in its ‘booting up’ process) to separate itself entirely from any contamination with ‘being an object’.  (This level of trauma-caused developmental damage, by the way, creates butcher-killers and severe psychotic child abusers like my mother was.)

Because we are members of a social species, this entire ‘coming online booting up process’ 0-3 fundamentally affects all of our interactions not only with our OWN self, but with the selves of others.  If in our own development we were not enabled to cross the invisible line between being an object and being a separate HUMAN entity, we cannot possibly know what any other person truly is, either.

All the intricate information feedback and feedforward loops that exist in our body make sure that WHAT we know about WHO we are and about HOW we are in the world is known at all levels of our physiology.  What information we have gained about being a whole self or a partial self-partial object permeates our existence in the same way that our DNA does.  My guess is that every caregiver-interactional experience we had within our earliest environment literally left its footprint in the development of our Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and its corresponding attachment-experience related stress-calm response patterns.

It would then seem entirely possible to me that the more I can identify the dissociation-shame reactions being expressed within my ANS the more I can wrest away from my unconscious automatic ANS responses my own conscious SELF.  This is not a meaningless process for me of objectively finding ways to describe the grapefruit in the middle of the table.  If I liken that unique grapefruit to being a unique individual human being — well — my mother blew up my grapefruit BEFORE I WAS BORN.

The psychotic break that my mother evidently experienced while birthing (breach) me in which she was convinced that the devil sent me to kill her while I was being born meant that from that point onward I was not only not a SELF, I was not even a human being but rather was the child-tool of the devil.

I can’t imagine a scenario more guaranteed to completely obliterate the development of a human self.  To be born as a non-human devil-child intent on murdering my mother meant that ‘SHAME on YOU’ was all I ever knew from before my first breath.  If shame and dissociation are the same physiological response, I was BORN dissociated at the same time I was born being the epitome of shame.

(The premature introduction of shame into an infant’s experience before its ANS has developed physiologically to the point where it is has advanced enough that it can process this abrupt ANS-STOP reaction at about the age of one is extremely damaging (creating dissociational circuitry and pathways in body-brain that will be reused over a lifetime).  In addition, nature’s intent in giving humans the ANS-STOP reaction related to the experience of shame was that it be entirely connected not ONLY to the rupture in attachment relationships that shame causes and represents, but to the REPAIR of these shame disruptions-ruptures.  Shame is meant to bind humans together in appropriate social interaction — not to destroy the movement of the creation of SELF out of the murky fog of being an object into the realm of being fully human.)

Because I was born into and formed by this far, far extreme away from an optimal infant development environment perhaps I can come closer to describing ‘the grapefruit’ not from the OUTSIDE of it, but from the inside.  My entire being from my first breath was nothing but a stress response to the trauma of my mother.

It is from this extreme vantage point that I make my guess that any serious breach in optimal safe and secure 0-3 infant-toddler attachment directly damages the infant’s developing body-self connection by interfering with the human need to differentiate being human from being an object.  These changes directly appear in the operation of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)/stress-calm connection response system on a continuum of healthy versus not healthy human dissociation-shame.

(i.e. Our degrees of safe and secure attachment or degrees of NOT safe and secure attachment are directly connected to the operation of our ANS and its stress-calm connection response system.)

The more an infant is not enabled through safe and secure optimal attachment to develop its SELF as separate from being an object the more associated it will be with patterns of dissociation-shame within its ANS that prevent its body from responding within the environment in optimal human ways.  Because we are members of a social species, these changes will ALWAYS be reflected in impediments related to social interactions — with self, with other people, and with the world.

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Note:  I am using a simplistic division between ‘object’ and ‘human’.  Actually, I believe it is true that an infant’s developing brain learns quite early that there is a category in between the two:  that of animal.  Evidently the single most useful piece of information the early brain uses to distinguish between ‘object’ and ‘animal’ is that the latter has the inherent ability to move in erratic ways all by itself while the former does not.

For simplicity I am not arguing the point that humans might evolve as fully individual human selves more directly from the level of being ‘animal’ rather than from being ‘object’.

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+INSECURE INFANT ATTACHMENT, DAY CARE AND EMOTIONAL NEGLECT

alchemynow2 Comments

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In a world of perfect strangers a baby’s gotta do what a baby’s gotta do.  There’s a time in an infant’s pattern of physiological development where its attachment patterns appear clearly and unequivocally, and certainly around a year of age is the time nature has intended that this should happen.  That’s why attachment experts can measure infant attachment at this developmental stage.  (Scoring the Mary Ainsworth Strange Situation assessment of infant attachment.)

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When I read information – or rather MISinformation about infant attachment such as I discovered on the About.com website in its article entitled, Attachment Styles

By Kendra Cherry, About.com Guide I not only cringe, but I want to scream and shake somebody!

The author states (on page 3):

“Before you start blaming relationship problems on your parents, it is important to note that attachment styles formed in infancy are not necessarily identical to those demonstrated in adult romantic-attachment.”

‘Attachment styles formed in infancy’ are directly in response to the quality of early infant-caregiver interactions, and the nature and quality of these attachment interactions DO matter MOST.  These earliest attachment ‘styles’ in infancy BUILD THE BODY an infant will live in/with for the rest of its life.  Never again will those earliest body-brain-nervous system attachment interactions with caregivers have THIS KIND OF IMPACT or THIS KIND OF POWER to change the developmental physiology of a human being exactly in response to the nature of the caregiving environment the body is forming in interaction with.

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We CANNOT lump together ‘attachment experiences over a lifespan’ as being equal.  They are NOT equal.

Our earliest attachment experiences with our infant-toddler caregivers BUILD us from the ground up.  Sorry folks.  That foundational body-brain building only happens ONCE in a lifetime – for all of us.  There are no exceptions.  Once our earliest developmental Critical Windows of development have closed especially 0-3, whatever nature accomplished for us in response to the quality of our attachment environment is set within us for life.  Nobody can return down the road to a little developing body and get a ‘do over’.

To use computer-related imagery, these attachment-caregiver experiences 0-3 hardwire our body, nervous system, stress-calm response system, vagus nerve system, immune system, and set the combination of our genetic-expression into motion in response to either a benevolent or malevolent environment as our operating system is put into place that will run within us for the rest of our life.

No, dear Kendra Cherry, all lifespan attachment experiences ARE NOT EQUAL!

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This blog is packed with information about the kinds of physiological alterations that happen as a young infant-child grows a body-brain in response to a malevolent environment of unsafe and insecure attachment relationships.  There is a growing body of thought that these adaptations ALONE do not create the lifetime of suffering a survivor of early severe violent trauma, neglect and abuse will experience.

It is becoming increasingly apparent that it is the CONFLICT or the MISMATCH that happens when a person formed in a malevolent environment later enters a benevolent environment that creates ‘the problems’.  As Dr. Martin Teicher and his research group describe it, those raised from the start of their life form an ‘evolutionarily altered’ body-brain that makes perfect sense in ‘that kind of a world’.  But ‘that kind of body’ cannot LATER adapt to a malevolent world.

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What does it say about our society that we have evolved an individual segment that aligns itself with ATTACHMENT PARENTING – versus what?  Those that believe there is ANY OTHER SAFE and SANE way to parent infants and children?

Any infant-toddler parenting environment that does NOT put the attachment needs of the little one FIRST and PRIMARY is a malevolent one.

Sure, based on my severe abuse history as an infant-child this blog is devoted to describing the worst of the worst in terms of early caregiver-offspring harm.  But there is a continuum that we need to NEVER lose sight of between a truly optimal and benevolent early caregiving environment and a truly traumatic malevolent one.

My fear is that we are creating a nation of insecurely attached members, most of them who will suffer from an insecure dismissive-avoidant attachment pattern – built DIRECTLY into all levels of their body-brain development – from a lack of optimal early attachment experiences.

I believe it has already happened in America that insecure dismissive-avoidant LACK of optimal early attachment has become the NORM.  TRAGIC!  ANY insecure attachment pattern reflects adaptations to some degree of malevolence and neglect AWAY from optimal.

Once dismissive-avoidant insecurely attached people take over the primary DAY CARE experiences that infants and toddlers experience, the human beings that are being raised ALSO by dismissive-avoidant insecurely attached parents will GUARANTEE that the generations following these patterns on down the line will be SPLIT between so-called ‘logic’ and ‘emotion’ in such a way that emotional intelligence will exit from our culture along with the full optimal development of healthy human beings.  The consequence of the denial of the emotional component of humanity will be a destruction of abilities to experience true empathy, altruism, compassion, whole-human caregiving, increases in diseases of all kinds, and a spiraling destruction of participation in ‘community’.

If we want to raise generations of remote-controllable robots, of zombies who are dead to their own emotions and who are physiologically unable to access them, who are incapable of responding optimally to the emotions of others, who have no clue what true human empathy and the caregiving response it is meant to engender even is, then we are well on our way to accomplishing our mission.

Never mind that we are slipping toward creating a malevolent insecure dismissive-avoidant world.  The citizens we are raising without adequate and optimal safe and secure attachment to their earliest primary caregivers will never even know it.

Those infants being raised within optimal early safe and secure attachment environments are becoming the exception.  As we head toward our own demise it will soon be the fully safe and securely attached individual who has to REVERSE adapt from a benevolent early world to the malevolent world they are going to find outside of their home of origin.

When degrees of malevolence in infant-children’s earliest environment (including emotional neglect that creates a dismissive-avoidant insecure attachment-built body-brain) – become the norm it will be the benevolently, optimally formed safe and securely attached human beings that are going to be the outsiders.

Is this what we want, to create a nation where the healthiest most safely and securely attached individuals don’t fit in because THEY ARE TOO HEALTHY?

Babies have the human right to safely and securely attach to their primary earliest caregiver – their MOTHER.  This is their human right because without this primary safe and secure attachment 0 to primarily age one an infant cannot possibly grow an optimal body-brain.  Day care providers as well as parents need to be educated about how optimal primary safe and secure attachment creates the healthiest human being possible so that these infants who DO attend day care can be given what they need to transition into an environment that cannot possibly put any one single infant’s attachment needs at the top of the priority list.

To deny that an infant has essential attachment needs and to create an environment where these needs are not recognized and met is malevolent emotional neglect whether it happens within the home or within a day care setting.

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+A START ON THE TOPIC OF TEARS, CRYING, WEEPING, THE ANS AND ATTACHMENT….

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Well, if I am going to ‘try to think’ about Substance P and pain, I guess it’s a logical next step to ‘try to think’ about crying and tears!  I actually located an entire book devoted to the topic – not about babies or children, but about adults:

Adult Crying: A Biopsychosocial Approach (Biobehavioural Perspectives on Health & Disease Prevention) by Ad J.J.M. Vingerhoets and Randolph R. Cornelius (Mar 15, 2002)

Product Description

Crying is a typical human expression of emotion. Surprisingly, until now little scientific attention has been devoted to this phenomenon. Many textbooks on emotion fail to pay attention to it, and in scientific journals there are hardly any contributions focusing on this behavior. In contrast, there is much interest from the lay public, allowing pseudo-scientists to formulate theories that have little or no scientific basis. Is there any evidence in support of statements that crying is healthy or that not crying may result in toxification? How do people react to the crying of others? Is crying important for the diagnosis of depression, and if so, how? This book aims to fill this gap in scientific literature. Crying is discussed from several perspectives and specific attention is given to methodological issues and assessment. Each chapter provides a review and a summary of the relevant scientific literature.

About the Author

Ad J. J. M. Vingerhoets is Professor of CLinical Health Psychology at Tilburg University, The Netherlands.

Randolph R. Cornelius is Professor of Psychology at Vassar College, Poughkeepsie, New York, USA.

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Well, in my ignorance on the subject (even though I’ve shed my share of tears in my lifetime) I have never before heard of the ‘lacrimal gland’.  Makes sense that we have one for each eye – and that the actual specifics about these glands sound complicated with all kinds of scientific terms and names.  The only part of the description that sounds even remotely familiar to me has to do with the nerve connection that tears have to the parasympathetic (STOP) branch of our Autonomic Nervous System (ANS).  (Yes, that’s the STOP and GO, stress-calm response control system that has such influence on how we are in our body in the world.)

Well, and then there’s this (from the book mentioned above):

“The lacrimal nucleus receives neuronal input from the frontal cortex, the basal ganglia, the thalamus, and the hypothalamus, as well as from the retina.

“Parasympathetic secretory fibres [sic] from the lacrimal nucleus pass through the geniculate ganglion, synapse in the superior cervical ganglion and then follow the course of the carotid, the ophthalmic artery, and its lacrimal branch to provide sympathetic stimulation of the small arteries within the lacrimal gland.  (page 23)”

Gee, and how come I never knew THIS about crying?  Wait, it gets better!  (Clear as mud!)

“Stimulation of sympathetic fibers appears to have little effect on tear secretion but does act through the regulation of the blood supply of the main lacrimal gland.  Besides the nerve fibers containing the classical neurotransmitters acetylcholine (parasympathetic) and norepinephrine (sympathetic), fibers are present that contain neuropeptides such as Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide (VIP), Met- and Leu-Enkaphalin (M- and L-Enk), Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and Substance P [serum] (SP)….  The VIP and the M- and L-Enk nerves in the lacrimal gland are mostly of parasympathetic origin, where VIP and M- and L-Enk coexist presumably with acetylcholine.  NPY in the periphery in most cases coexists in postganglionic sympathetic neurons with norepinephrine.  SP is of primary sensory origin, differentiating from the trigeminal ganglion.  The colocalization in the close association of the peptidergic fibers with the secretory structures of the gland suggests that the neuropeptides are important neuromodulators of lacrimal secretion.  This complex innervation of the lacrimal gland may reflect different populations of acinar cells that are activated separately thus producing a different secretory mix of fluids or proteins in the tears.  Another view is that it represents a necessary redundancy, a safety factor, in the control of tear production.  (page 24)”

This chapter goes on to describe reflex tears, tear gas, “crocodile tears,” along with all kinds of other bits of information about tears I’m not sure I ever want to know.

But what about tears of grief and sadness?  OK, here it is:

“Of all the vertebrates, including the primates, humans alone possess the psychogenic type of reflex secretion, designated as crying or weeping.  This affective lacrimation is controlled in the frontal cortex and in the anterior portion of the limbic lobe of the brain.  There is no evidence of any animal other than humans shedding tears due to emotion rather than stress or irritation, despite many anecdotal reports about pets and other animals.  Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) may show tears, wetting the surrounding lids, because a groove in the skin, continuous with the medial canthus of the lids, drains the tears onto the face….  Lacrimal puncta for normal drainage of tears are not visible.  The aquatic mammals such as seals, dolphins and whales secrete a watery mucus to protect their eyes from sea water.  The overflow of these tears due to lack of a drainage system may have been misconstrued as emotional tears.

“Patients with a proven decrease or absence of conjunctival sensory nerve impulses in the Schirmer test will give a history of having copious tears during emotional stress.  The Schirmer test was applied for the first time as an objective test for psychogenic reflex tearing by Delp and Sackeim (a987).  In their study on the impact of psychological manipulations of mood on tearing, lacrimal flow was assessed before and after mood manipulations intended to produce states of happiness and sadness.  Lacrimal flow, at least among women, appeared to be responsive to manipulations of mood and may be an index of aspects of affective experience that are incompletely or poorly assessed by self report techniques.  (pages 26-27)”

“…all terrestrial animals produce tears, but there is an evolutionary divergence in the composition of tears and pronounced species differences have been described in this respect….  Causes for these differences remain as yet unknown, but an explanation might be that they are attributable to adaptation to the changing environment during the evolution of the various animals.  Emotional or psychogenic tears are in fact reflex tears, where the stimulus is emotional rather than irritant-induced.   (pages 27-28)”

“Crying has no direct biological function in the protection of the eye and may serve no physiological purpose whatever.  All animal species can survive in their natural environment without the capacity of crying. Darwin (1872/1965) gave the subject of weeping much thought in his masterpiece The expression of the emotions in man and animals, but he nowhere ventured a suggestion as to how it has come about in the evolution that man is the only animal that weeps.  Montagu (1960) proposed the hypothesis that in man weeping established itself as an adaptive trait in that it served to counteract the effects of more or less prolonged tearless crying upon the nasal mucosa of the infant.  Early in the development of man, those individuals who were able to produce an abundant flow of tears would be naturally selected in the struggle for existence, since the tears acted to prevent mucosal dehydration, whereas those who were not so able would be more likely to succumb more frequently at all ages and leave the perpetuation of the species to those who could weep.  (page 28)”

“Frey et al. (1986) demonstrated the presence of prolactin in the main lacrimal gland and in tears and suggested that this substance may function to stimulate tear production.  This might help explain, in part, why male and female children have similar crying behavior (Bell & Ainsworth, 1972; Maccoby & Geldman, 1972), but women cry more often than men once they reach adulthood….  Serum prolactin levels in male and female infants and children are not significantly different; it is only after the age of about 16 that female prolactin levels exceed those of males….  Prolactin is dramatically increased during pregnancy….  (page 29)”

“Newborn babies secrete tear fluid already in the first day of their life…although they do not demonstrate weeping overtly.  Premature infants, however, may fail to secrete tears at birth, depending on the degree of prematurity….  In most cases, crying with tears starts at about six weeks of age…when the efferent nerve supply to the main lacrimal gland is completely established.  Crying thus seems to be both phylogenetically and ontogenetically a late development in the human species.  (page 30)”

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In this book of 352 pages I’ve read enough to know that other than the citation mentioned (in the excerpt above) to the work of Bell & Ainsworth, 1972 I need to look elsewhere to find information on the link between emotional pain, crying and human attachment.

I got lucky!  I found this:

THE MEANING OF CRYING BASED ON ATTACHMENT THEORY

Judith Kay Nelson, Ph.D.

Published in Clinical Social Work Journal

Vol. 26, No. 1, Spring 1998

ABSTRACT: Crying is inborn attachment behavior which, according to attachment theorists John Bowlby and Margaret Ainsworth, is primarily an appeal for the protective presence of a parent. Infant crying triggers corresponding caretaking behavior in the parents. These reciprocal behaviors help establish and maintain the parent-child attachment bond.

Crying continues throughout life to be a reaction to separation and loss, to carry an attachment message, and to trigger caretaking responses. Crying can be classified according to the stage of the grieving process to which it corresponds: protest or despair. The absence of crying when it would be expected or appropriate corresponds to an unresolved grief reaction representing detachment. Each type of crying and noncrying elicits different caretaking responses with interpersonal, clinical, and cultural implications.

“In order to establish effectively and maintain the attachment tie, crying, as well as other attachment behaviors, triggers a reciprocal set of responses in others known as caretaking behaviors.”

Well worth a read!

No doubt more posts on this topic coming!

see: +MORE LINKS ON TEARS, CRYING AND WEEPING

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+STARK REALITY: MOTHERS WHO ARE REWARDED BY THE SUFFERING OF THEIR INFANT-CHILDREN

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I just can’t leave this piece of research I discovered while I was writing my last post alone.  Something inside of me feels like I just received a massive electric shock!  Yet at the same time I recognize this feeling.  It’s one that happens when something I read resonates within me to the bottom of my core.

Study: Crying Baby ‘Natural High’ for Some Moms

“A screaming, crying baby is not usually a source of enjoyment for new mothers, but a recent study has found that some moms actually get a “natural high” when faced with their crying infant.”

I NEVER anticipated finding such a piece of research!  At the same time I am amazed that someone actually had the smarts and the courage to FIND this information — not just any old place — but within the brain of MOTHERS who delight in the suffering of their infant-children!

My mother’s ‘unfairness, pain or disgust’ response is what motivated-created the pain-inducing response TO ME in my mother.  My mother, plain and simple, was capable of completely hating me.  (That these same brain regions must be involved in twisted confusions between self-other from early on in hate-projected-out-onto-offspring cases like my mother’s was is subject for my further investigations.)

I have such a powerful sense of BINGO BINGO BINGO!

BUT……  This is my sociologist daughter’s take on this article:

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This is very interesting.  I had a somewhat different interpretation than you though (looking at your blog post):

I think this statement “For mothers with a secure attachment, we found that both happy and sad infant faces produced a reward signal in their brain, or a ‘natural high’,” is related to this statement “Moms found as having a secure attachment in childhood showed a greater release of the hormone oxytocin into their bloodstream, according to the report.”

I interpreted this as meaning that healthy (i.e., secure attachment) moms received an oxytocin release from sad faces as well as happy — which evolutionarily would better equip them to deal with the sad infant (not just walk away…)?

The part I thought you meant was like your mom was this:
“However, mothers with an insecure attachment pattern didn’t show the same brain response … their own infant’s crying face activated the insula, a brain region associated with unfairness, pain or disgust.”
So, she never had the appropriate hormone release to *want* to deal with the crying baby (you).  It instead activated a sense of unfairness, disgust………..???

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I KNOW this kind of mother!  I also believe that many of this blog’s readers know this kind of mother, also!

Now, can we imagine a more obvious contortion of what nature intends for a newborn infant than a mother that actually FINDS GREAT REWARD IN ITS SUFFERING?

Believe me, these mothers DO EXIST!  Suddenly, after encountering those few words, Study: Crying Baby ‘Natural High’ for Some Moms, a new light has gone off inside of me that illuminates the entire world differently!

I am AFFIRMED!  I have a new clarity!  That is EXACTLY what my mother did every minute of every hour of every day and night of the entire 18 years I spent being beaten and battered and tortured and tormented and violently traumatized.  SHE ENJOYED doing that to me!!!

In fact, she so enjoyed my suffering, and it so rewarded her that she devised all kinds of ways to MAKE sure I suffered as much as possible!

I don’t have the inner fortitude right now to pursue this line of thinking-via-research right now.  This new affirmation, this new confirmation of my own reality of suffering has to sink in — down to the operations of every molecule in my body — this body whose development my mother’s insane abuse so changed in its development as I had to respond to the worst of the worst some human mothers CAN and DO perpetrate against their offspring.

These kinds of mothers obviously have a body-brain that is built completely differently from normal.  Nothing about their stress – calm connection response system is working normally or WELL on ANY level.  That technological advances have actually given researchers a way to SEE and WATCH these changes is beyond amazing, beyond incredible.  My reaction?  “IT’S ABOUT DAMN TIME!  Maybe NOW someone will FINALLY be able to HEAR the survivors of these kinds of mothers!  Maybe NOW someone can begin to begin to grasp what we are trying to live with and heal from!”

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+INSECURE DISMISSIVE-AVOIDANT MOTHERS – THEIR BRAIN OPERATES DIFFERENTLY IN RESPONSE TO THEIR BABY

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Insecurely attached dismissive-avoidant mothers’ brains show differences in how they respond to their babies. I found a slideshow online with lots of pictures and diagrams called The Neurobiology of Mother-Infant Attachment.  Once I had the page open and my cursor placed on top of it, I simply used the roller between the buttons on my computer’s mouse to scroll through all this visual information and its accompanying captions to ‘get a picture’ of what the differences look like within the brain of a securely attached mother of an infant and the brain of an insecurely attached dismissive-avoidant mother’s brain looks like as they interact with facial cues from their infant.

I was curious about who exactly put this remarkable informative slideshow together, so continued my online search until I found a leaflet featuring a workshop on this same topic that was held in London March 3, 210.  The slideshow matches.  All of this is the work of Dr. Lane Strathearn, a developmental pediatrician working in Houston, Texas.

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Oh, MY!  What a range of research listings appeared on my computer screen when I Googled this doctor’s name!  (This was my mother — who DELIGHTED in my suffering from the moment I was born!)  The first one that catches my eye is this one reported on FOX News Thursday, August 27, 2009:

Study: Crying Baby ‘Natural High’ for Some Moms

“A screaming, crying baby is not usually a source of enjoyment for new mothers, but a recent study has found that some moms actually get a “natural high” when faced with their crying infant.”

“The study, which looked in the cause of maternal neglect, involved 30 first-time mothers. Researchers studied their brain activity as they were shown photos of their newborns, with various facial expressions.

The researchers also looked at the factors related to the new mothers own upbringing, including how “secure” their attachment was to parents and careers.

“For mothers with a secure attachment, we found that both happy and sad infant faces produced a reward signal in their brain, or a ‘natural high’,” said Dr. Lane Strathearn of University of Queensland in Australia.

“However, mothers with an insecure attachment pattern didn’t show the same brain response … their own infant’s crying face activated the insula, a brain region associated with unfairness, pain or disgust.”

Moms found as having a secure attachment in childhood showed a greater release of the hormone oxytocin into their bloodstream, according to the report.”

Click here to read more from AAP.

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I am reminded of this post:  +HOOKED ON ‘D’ SMILES – THE HAPPINESS CENTER

And about all the others that I wrote about the genuine smile:  Follow this to blog posts

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This link follows to an article that mentions exactly what my daughter and I have been thinking about regarding the writing of ‘our book’ about my childhood.  We cannot consider secure and insecure attachments and the conditions that create them without looking for our answers in the bigger picture – that really shows us what the society is like that creates the individuals that are its members.

University of Queensland – UQ research finds the mum-bub bond may reduce neglect

“UQ researcher Dr Lane Strathearn sees strengthening the bond between mother and baby as a possible way of reducing childhood neglect.

Dr Strathearn’s recently completed PhD identifies how increased pressures placed on mothers by society have reduced the perceived importance of raising children.

“Over the past decade we have seen dramatic changes in the social landscape in which our children are raised, with increasing demands on mothers in particular to balance raising a family with providing an income and meeting educational and career-related demands,” Dr Strathearn said.

“I feel that the basic needs of children have fallen lower and lower on the priority list of families and society, with physical or emotional neglect often the unfortunate result.

“This study emphasises the need to address the basic, universal needs of children, and stresses the importance of this early mother-infant relationship.

“Strengthening this crucial relationship may help to prevent some of the long term consequences of neglect that we are seeing more commonly today, such as delinquency, crime, developmental delay and psychiatric disorders.”

A father of seven, Dr Strathearn grew up in Redcliffe, studied medicine at UQ and completed paediatric training at the Brisbane Mater Children’s Hospital, before heading to the US in 2001.

Now based at Baylor College of Medicine, Texas, he still has close ties to Brisbane, with his PhD completed through UQ’s School of Medicine.

Spanning nine years and drawing upon large longitudinal studies based in Brisbane and brain imaging data collected in Houston, Dr Strathearn’s research aimed to develop a better understanding of the pervasive problem of child neglect.”  READ ARTICLE HERE

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There seems to be no scientific doubt that emotional neglect creates insecure dismissive-avoidant attachment.

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